Harvard style

The Harvard referencing style guidance below has been cited from: Pears, R. & Shields, G. (2019) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Please note your school may have specific referencing requirements; to ensure you are using the preferred referencing style please check with your school office.

n.b., There are many different version of Harvard. If you have using Reference mananagment software or a citation generator, like Zoterobib, then you need to select Cite Them Right 11th edition - Harvard.

How to reference a particular source in Harvard style

Click on the appropriate header below to expand the section and find information about how to reference a particular source in Harvard style.

 

• In-text citations

  Page numbers

  The Harvard style of referencing requires you to include the name of the author(s) and the year of publication within the text.

  Direct quotations/paraphrased sentences

  If you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of text, you also need to include the page number(s).

  Summarising a large proportion of a text

  If you are summarising a large section of the book you do not need to include page numbers. Additionally, you do not need to pinpoint the specific minute(s) if you are citing a film. However, if it helps your argument to have a sense of when a certain event or scene takes place in the film, do include this information earlier on in the sentence of your in-text citation.

  Placement of references for in-text citations

  References, whenever possible, should be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation).

  Example:

  ...as one writer put it 'the darkest days were still ahead' (Weston, 1988, p. 45).

  Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year of publication in brackets.

  Example:

  Scholtz (1990, p. 564) has argued that...

  Works with more than one author

  The number of authors there are for any given piece of work determines how the authors' names are formatted for in-text citations. The following rules apply:

  • 1-3 authors: list all author names in every citation, for example:

  Goddard and Barrett (2007) suggested...

  • 4+ authors: list the first author's name followed by et al in italics, for example:

  ...as the report suggested (Edwards et al. 2004).

  More than one reference by an author in the same year

  If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter.

  Example:

  ...outlined by Smith (2009a, p. 45) and developed further in his report (2009b, p. 23).

  Unknown Author(s)

  If the author's name is unknown, you should list the title of the article, book or webpage in italics.

  Example:

  ...the worst election loss in the party's history (The Age, 1968, p. 2).

  Referring to works quoted within other works

  You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work. Use the format: Author's Surname, year, cited in Author's Surname, year, p. X.

  Example:

  There was further evidence to support researchers' views on genetic abnormalities in crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).

  If you are citing an author whose work you haven’t read directly, but is referenced in a chapter of an edited book, where the chapter authors are different to the book’s authors, the format is the same as the example above. For your reference list, see the chapters/sections in an edited book section.

  *Note: only include references where you read the original work, in the list of references at the end of your work; you cannot include details about original studies if you have not read them.

• Creating your bibliography/list of references

  The bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have used. The following rules should be followed when putting together your Harvard bibliography:

  • references are arranged in alphabetical order by author's
  • where there is no author or author is unknown, the title of the resource is used instead
  • only the first letter of the first word of a title is capitalised; second and subsequent words' first letters are not capitalised
  • titles of books are in italics
  • only include edition numbers if the edition is not the first or revised edition
  • If you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of text, you also need to include the page number(s).

  Sample bibliography

  Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

  National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com (Accessed: 10 March 2012).

  Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April 2010).

  Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books, pp. 83-95.

• Journal article (print)

  Citation order and format

  Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), pp. [page range].

  Example:

  Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48.

• Journal article (online)

  Citation order and format

  Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), p. (if available). doi: doi number (if one is available).

  Example:

  Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48. doi:10.1080/02619761003602246.

  Online articles with no doi number

  Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Article title', Title of Journal, volume number (issue number), p. (if available). Available at: website address (Accessed: day month year).

  Example:

  Byrne, M. (2016) 'Children and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy', Journal of Psychology, 4(2), pp. 45-48. Available at: https://taylorandfrancisonline.com/154365476121 (Accessed: 23 April 2018).

• Book

  Citation order and format

  Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Book title. Place of publication: publisher.

  Example:

  Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books.

  Direct quotations/pharaphrased sentences: if you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of text, you also need to include the page number(s).

• Translated works

  Citation order and format

  Author/editor Surname, Initials. (Year of translated publication) Book title. Translated by First Name Surname. Place of publication: publisher, pp.

  Example:

  Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. Translated by David Matthews. London: collins books, pp. 83-95.

• Citing asian names

  In Western naming culture, generally a person's surname is often listed as the last name, e.g. John Smith. However, in Asian culture, a person's surname is generally listed first, i.e. Smith John. This applies to Chinese, Malay, and Indian naming conventions so the referencing format should be as follows:

  In-text citations

  The book The security environment in the Asia-Pacific by Cheng Tun-jen would be formatted in-text as:

  ...as one writer noted the darkest days were still ahead (Cheng, 2000, p. 45).

  Bibliography

  The book The security environment in the Asia-Pacific by Cheng Tun-jen would be formatted in the bibliography as:

  Cheng, T.-jen., 2000. The security environment in the Asia-Pacific, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

  Exceptions

  Some Asian naming conventions only include a first name, and not a surname; in those cases use the first name provided in place of the surname.

• Chapters/sections in edited books

  When you want to quote a chapter or section of text within an edited book, use the format below:

  Citation order and format

  Author of the section / chapter - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Chapter title’ followed by the book's author / editor surname, first name. (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, pp.

  Example:

  Smith, C. (2006) 'Feminism in Jane Eyre', in Brennan, Z. (ed.) Brontë's Jane Eyre a reader's guide. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, pp. 12-16.

• Ebook

  When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, you should reference as a printed book.

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Ebook title. Ebook collection [Online]. Available at: URL (Downloaded: date month year).

  Example:

  Corrie, M. (2009) A concise companion to Middle English literature. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Downloaded: 21 June 2011).

• Website

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, Initials. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date Month year).

  Example:

  Woodward, E. (2017) Deliciously Ella. Available at: https://deliciouslyella.com/ (Accessed: 20 March 2017).

  Do not include the website's URL in your in-text citation, unless this is the only piece of information you have. Use the author, date format.

• Film/television/YouTube/iPlayer

  Film

  Citation order and format

  Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [Feature Film.] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

  Example:

  Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Wells [Feature Film]. USA: Republic Pictures.

  Films on DVD

  Citation order and format

  Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [DVD or Blue-ray, catalogue number]. Place of distribution: Distribution company.

  Example:

  The English patient (1996) Directed by Anthony Minghella [DVD, 657475]. USA: Buena Vista Home Video.

  Television

  Citation order and format

  Title of programme (Year of broadcast) Name of channel, Date of Broadcast - day month, time of transmission.

  Example:

  The Nuclear Age (2009) ITV Television, 16 June, 21:30.

  iPlayers or Broadcast box episodes

  Citation order and format

  'Title of episode' (Year of broadcast) Title of series/season, Date of broadcast. Channel Name. Available at: iPlayer name (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, 6 March. BBC Two. Available at: BBC iPlayer (Accessed: 15 October 2011).

  YouTube

  Citation order and format

  Name of person posting video (Year video posted) Title of video.Available at: url (Accessed: date month year)

  Example:

  Shakespeareanimated (2008) BBC Shakespeare Animated Tales - A Midsummer Night's Dream - Part 2. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr1gk9nwTYY (Accessed: 12 May 2011).

  Netflix

  Citation order and format

  'Title of episode' (Year of broadcast) Title of series/season, Series number, episode number, Channel. Available at: Netflix url (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, Series 1, episode 4. Netflix. Available at: http://www.netflix.com/gb/title/80025678 (Accessed 15 October 2011).

• Advertisements

  Television

  Citation order and format

  Company advertising (Year) Title [Medium and channel on which advertisement appeared]. Date and Month viewed.

  Example:

  British Telecom (2008) Office relocation gremlins [Advertisement on ITV1 Television]. 23 June.

  Newspaper

  Citation order and format

  Name of newspaper (Year) ‘Title’ [Advertisement]. Date Month, p.

  Example:

  The Guardian (2007) 'WOMAD festival' [Advertisement]. 14 April, p. 12.

  Internet

  Citation order and format

  Company advertising (Year) Title [Advertisement]. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month (abbreviated) year).

  Example:

  Lloyds TSB Bank plc (2008) Selling your house? [Advertisement]. Available at: http://www.hotmail.com (Accessed: 13 February 2010).

• Government document

  Citation order and format

  Government department name (year of publication) Title. Place of publication: Publisher. (series if applicable) or doi or Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  Example:

  Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm. 4516).

  Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office. Available at: https://www.gov.co.uk/dangerousdogsreport2019 (Accessed: 12 June 2019).

  Many UK government publications may be accessed via https://www.gov.uk but you should use the specific author or department as the author, if given.

  If you are referencing government publications from more than one country, include the country of origin (in round brackets) after the department name.

• Reports by organisations or individuals

  Citation order and format - printed report

  Author/Organisation name. (Year of publication) Full title of report. Place of publication: Publisher.

  Example: print report

  Bentley. (2006) The power of mass media in advertising. New York: Bentley.

  Citation order and format - e-report/online report

  Author/Organisation name. (Year of publication) Full title of report. Place of publication: Publisher. doi number or Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year).

  Example: online report

  European Commission (2018) European outbreak of Zika 2018. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Available at: www.reutersresearch.ie/zikareport2018 (Accessed: 10 Mar 2018).

• Newspaper article

  Articles from print newspapers

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of newspaper, (Edition, - if required) day month p. X.

  Example:

  Old, D. (2008) 'House price gloom', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p. 25.

  Articles from online newspapers

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of newspaper, Available at: url (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

  Unknown author for a newspaper article

  Citation order and format

  Full title of newspaper, (Year of publication), ‘Title of article’, day month, p. X

  Example:

  The Guardian, (2012), 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', 8 March, p. 12.

  Capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except conjunctions

• Lecture notes

  Citation order and format

  Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of item’ module code: module title. Available at: URL or VLE (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  Smith, I. (2017) 'Week 1: assignment prep.' PSY1001:Psychological Development of Children. Available at: http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 February 2017).

• PowerPoint presentation

  Citation order and format

  Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of presentation’ [Powerpoint] module code: module title. Available at: URL or VLE (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  Smith, I. (2017) 'Piaget's theory of cognitive learning' [PowerPoint] PSY1001:Psychological Development of Children. Available at: http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 February 2017).

• Blog post

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, initials. (Year blog site was published or last updated) ‘Title of post’, Title of blog site, Day and month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April 2010).

• Paintings

  Citation order and format

  Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of collection, city.

  Example:

  Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

  If accessed online

  Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of collection, city. Available at: URL (Accessed: day month year).

  Example:

  Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. Available at: http://www.artstor.org (Accessed 14 May 2011).

• Podcast

  Citation order and format

  Author/Presenter. (Year site was published or last updated) Title of Podcast [Podcast]. Day and month of podcast airing. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  Verity, A et al. (2012) Retail Sales Figures. [Podcast]. 4 June. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/retailsalesfigures (Accessed: 11 April 2019).

• Radio programmes

  Citation order and format

  Title of Programme (year of airing) Name of channel, Date of airing, time of airing.

  Example:

  Woman's Hour (2019) BBC Radio 4, 28 June, 10:00.

  Online radio programmes

  Title of Programme (year of airing) Name of channel, Date and time of original airing (if possible). Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  Example:

  Woman's Hour (2019) BBC Radio 4, 28 June, 10:00. Available at: https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/play/b0bbp9q9 (Accessed: 8 August 2019).

• Graphs and scientific datasets

  Graphs

  Citation order and format

  Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, Page number or figure number for graph, graph.

  Example:

  Verity, A et al. (2012) Retail Sales Figures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p.42, graph.

  Scientific datasets

  Citation order and format if online

  Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of data'. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  Example:

  Verity, A et al. (2012) 'HEQ level holdings'. Available at: http://physics.nist.gov/a543d3 (Accessed: 2 August 2019).

• Tweet

  Citation order and format

  Author - Surname, Initials. (Year) ‘Title of tweet’ Twitter, Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).

  Example:

  National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com (Accessed: 10 March 2012).

• International legal resources

  United Nations Resolutions

  Citation order and format

  Organisation (year of publication) Title. Resolution number. DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  General Assembly (reference number A/RES)

  As discussed in the report on Atomic Energy (United Nations General Assembly, 2019)…

  United Nations General Assembly (2019) Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Resolution A/RES/74/8. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/74/8 (Accessed: 25 November 2019).

  Security Council (reference number S/RES)

  The resolution to ensure compliance (United Nations Security Council, 2019)…

  United Nations Security Council (2019) The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Resolution S/RES/2496. Available at: http://undocs.org/S/RES/2496(2019) (Accessed: 25 November 2019).

  International treaties, conventions and accords

  Citation order and format

  Title of treaty (year of publication) Treaty number. Publication title. Volume and page numbers. If accessed online DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  Example:

  Convention to prevent and punish the acts of terrorism taking the form of crimes against persons and related extortion that are of international significance. (1973) Treaty no. 24381. United Nations Treaty Series, 1438, p. 191. Available at: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002800d031f (Accessed: 25 November 2019).

  You will be able to find details of treaties in the United Nations Treaty Series.

  EU directives, decisions and regulations

  Citation order and format

  ‘Legislation type Number and title’ (year of publication) Official journal series, issue, page numbers. If accessed online DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

  Example:

  ‘Directive 2001/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 May 2001 on the admission of securities to official stock exchange listing and on information to be published on those securities' (2001) Official Journal L184, pp. 1–66. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2001/34/oj

  ‘Regulation (EU) No 236/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012 on short selling and certain aspects of credit default swaps Text with EEA relevance’ (2012) Official Journal L86, pp. 1–24. Available at: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/236/oj

  See EUR-Lex for EU law and Official Journal. EU Official Publications Guide here.

  Judgements of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and General Court (GC)

  Citation order and format

  ‘Name of Case’ (year of publication) Case number; European Case Law Identifier. Publication title, Section, Pages numbers.

  Example:

  ‘Commission of the European Communities v Salzgitter AG’ (2008) C-408/04P; ECLI:EU:C:2008:236. European Court Reports, I, 02767.

• Online photographs

  Citation order and format

  Photographer Surname, Initials. (Year of publication if known) Title of photograph (if there is no title, briefly describe). Available at: website address (Accessed: day month year).

  Example:

  Kiser, K. (no date) Photograph of car. Available at: http://www.sussex.ac.uk/skillshub/?id=371 (Accessed: 10 April 2020).

• Online conference proceedings

  Citation order and format

  Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of paper’, Title of conference, location and date of conference. Available at: website address (Accessed: day month year).

  Example:

  Shi, J. (2013) ‘Developing research presentation skills for international conferences’, Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems, Luoyang, China, 25-27 September. doi: 10.1109/ICAMechS.2013.6681817.

  If there is a doi, this can used to replace the final two Available at/Accessed elements (as example above).

   

• Music Streaming/Subscription Services

  Music streaming/downloads are available from a range of different websites and apps, including Spotify, YouTube Music, Apple Music, SoundCloud, Deezer, Google Play Music, iTunes and Bandcamp.

  Citation order and format

  Artist, individual, band, orchestra, etc Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Title of song/track title', Title of album. Available at: Name of Streaming Service (Accessed: Day Month Year)

  Whole Album:

  Hancock, H. (2005) Inventions and dimensions (Expanded edition). Available at: Deezer (Accessed: 02 February 2023).

  Track on an album:

  Bowie, D. and Eno, B. (2017) ‘Warszawa’, Low. Available at: Spotify (Accessed: 02 February 2023).

  Singles:

  The Jiants (1959) ‘Tornado’. Available at: YouTube Music (Accessed: 02 February 2023).

• Music or Spoken word records on CDs and Vinyl

  If you have the physical item then you’ll be able to find all the information needed to reference accurately. If you are searching for the information online then you may need to use a combination of Library Hub Discover and Discogs

  Tracks released on CD or vinyl as singles

  Citation order and format

  Artist, individual, band, orchestra, etc Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of track [CD/Vinyl, catalogue number]. Place: Label.

  Example:

  Le Theatre Du Chene Noir (1973) Miss Madona [Vinyl, BM 65]. Avignon: Studio 35.

  The Beta Band (2001) Human being [CD, REG65CD]. London: Regal

  Track on albums

  Citation order and format

  Artist, individual, band, orchestra, etc: Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) 'Title of track', Title of album [CD/Vinyl, catalogue number]. Place: Label.

  Example:

  Simone, N. (1962) 'House of the rising sun', At the Village Gate [Vinyl, SCP 421]. New York: Colpix Records.

  Takada, M. (2017) ‘Mr. Henri Rousseau’s dream’, Through The Looking Glass [CD, PFCD006]. Palto Flats.

  n.b. You may not always be able to find place of publication

  Whole albums

  Citation order and format

  Artist, individual, band, orchestra, etc Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Title of album [CD/Vinyl, catalogue number]. Place: Label.

  Example:

  Can (1971) Tago mago [Vinyl, UAS 29 211/12 X]. Munich: United Artists Records.

  Martha And The Vandellas (1963) Heat wave [Vinyl, GLP 907]. Detroit: Gordy.

  Classical music track released on CD or Vinyl

  Citation order and format

  Composer Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of composition [CD/Vinyl, catalogue number]. Additional notes if required e.g., orchestra/performer; soloist; conductor. Place: Label.

  Example:

  Bartók, B. (1962) Music for strings, percussion and celesta [Vinyl, 33CX 1783]. Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by H. von Karajan. London: Columbia.

  Ligeti, G. (2012) Melodien [CD, 00289 479 0567]. London Sinfonietta Deutsche, conducted by D. Atherton. October 1975. Berlin: Deutsche Grammophon.

• Musical Scores (Sheet music)

  Musical scores

  Citation order and format

  Composer Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of score/sheet [Musical score]. Notes (if required) - e.g., Translations/Editors. Place of Publication: Publisher.

  Example:

  Webern, A. (1999) Vier stucke: fur geige und klavier, op. 7 (1910) [Musical score]. Austria: Universal Edition.

  Schumann, R. (1971) Robert Schumann: dichterliebe : an authoritative score, historical background, essays in analysis, views and comments [Musical score]. Edited by Arthur J. Komar. London: Chappell.

  Macaky, C. and Russel, H. (1855) To the west, to the west! [Musical score]. London: Musical Bouquet Office.

  Britten, B. (1967) Op. 78: The golden vanity : a vaudeville for boys and piano after the old English ballad [Musical score]. Words by Colin Graham; German translation by H. Kelle. London: Faber.