Astrophysics (2014 entry)

MPhys, 4 years, UCAS: F501
Typical A level offer: AAA

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Subject overview

Why physics and astronomy?

The laws of physics are fundamental to all physical sciences. As a physicist or astronomer you are driven by curiosity to understand the world around you, studying interactions that give rise to the behaviour of matter at all levels. Knowledge of physics not only leads to a profound understanding of the physical world but provides a platform for developing new and innovative ideas – the technology we use in our daily lives is based upon the laws of physics. You will discover how to use well-understood physical principles to explain and predict the properties of complex systems, from sub-atomic particles to distant galaxies.

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Why physics and astronomy at Sussex?

Physics and astronomy at Sussex was ranked 1st (89 per cent) for personal development and 5th (96 per cent and 92 per cent) for overall satisfaction as well as organisation and management in the 2012 National Student Survey (NSS).

Physics and astronomy at Sussex was ranked in the top 5 in the UK in The Times Good University Guide 2013, in the top 10 in the UK in The Sunday Times University Guide 2012, 16th in the UK in The Guardian University Guide 2014 and 21st in the UK in The Complete University Guide 2014.

The Department of Physics and Astronomy was ranked top in the South East and 12th nationally in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise. 95 percent of our research was rated as recognised internationally or higher, and 60 per cent rated as internationally excellent or higher.

Prize-winning students: two of our students have won the prestigious Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) Student of the Year award, and another has won Best Physics Student of the Year. A number of our students have reached the final stages of this national competition.

World-leading physicists and astronomers will teach you all about established theories as well as the latest technologies, interpretations and developments.

Well-established exchange programmes with universities in Europe and America.

We are a core part of the SEPnet (South East Physics network) consortium, giving us links to universities and industry across the region.

South East Physics Network logo


Antonella's faculty perspective

Dr Antonella De Santo

‘Working on the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, one of the biggest physics experiments ever constructed, is a unique opportunity for experimental particle physicists of my generation. I feel very privileged to be part of science history in the making.

‘As an acknowledged researcher in my field, I publish my results in leading physics journals and present them to the scientific community at international meetings and conferences. Research is such a big part of who I am and what I do, and I always try and integrate it in my teaching and all interactions with my students.

'Our degrees, besides providing core training in fundamental physics research, also equip our students with a broad range of transferable skills that are in high demand with employers, such as advanced problem-solving skills, advanced computing and data analysis, and detailed knowledge of sophisticated experimental techniques.’

Dr Antonella De Santo
Professor of Physics,
University of Sussex

Programme content

If you wish to apply your skills in physics to understand the universe, this is the course for you. It will allow you to move easily into a career related to astronomy or astrophysics and is recognised by employers as providing excellent training in physics. The astronomy group at Sussex is involved in many international research projects.

The University has a 0.5m reflecting telescope with a digital camera on a dark site in the Ashdown Forest. There is also a telescope with a CCD camera on the Sussex campus. You will have access to these during your final-year project, as well as the opportunity to process data from large overseas telescopes, from satellites or from computer-simulated universes.

In addition to the core physics modules, the first-year astrophysics strand includes an introduction to astrophysics. A practical component using astronomical telescopes is taught as part of a module on optics and imaging. In the second year, you expand your knowledge on stars and galaxies, and acquire software skills for astronomical applications. The third-year astrophysics modules are focused on particular topics such as galaxies, and you undertake additional practical work in astronomy within the advanced laboratory for MPhys students. The fourth-year modules may include some advanced physics topics, as well as additional astrophysics, but all final-year projects are on an astrophysics topic.

We continue to develop and update our modules for 2014 entry to ensure you have the best student experience. In addition to the course structure below, you may find it helpful to refer to the 2012 modules tab.

Core content

Year 1

You take topics such as mechanics • classical physics • mathematical methods for physics • data acquisition and analysis • optics and imaging.

Astrophysics students take laboratory modules. Astrophysics students also study introductory astrophysics.

Year 2

You take topics such as electrodynamics • quantum mechanics • thermal and statistical physics • further mathematical methods • skills in physics • scientific computing.

Astrophysics students take laboratory modules. Astrophysics students also study stars and planets

Year 3

Core topics include nuclear and particle physics • condensed state physics • atomic physics. You also take options in topics such as particle physics • advanced condensed state physics • further quantum mechanics. Astrophysics students study galaxies. MPhys students take the advanced experimental lab.

Year 4 

You work on a substantial final-year project and gain higher-level skills in physics. You also take Masters-level options on a variety of specialised topics closely aligned with the research profile of the Department and a Masters-level module on skills in physics

How will I learn?

Laboratory work, projects, group tutorials, self-directed learning and one-to-one consultation with your tutors all form an important part of your course. For each module you typically have two or three lectures per week. Accompanying the lectures are workshops, in which you work on your own or in a group, with help available from a tutor who explains and discusses the solutions to problem sheets.

Applying your existing talents and developing new skills, you discover new ways to solve problems, complete group and individual exercises in the laboratory and present your work through written reports and oral presentations.

Laboratory work develops your skills in experimental planning and critical analysis. The complexity of the experiments increases as you progress towards your final-year project.

In the final year of all our physics courses, you work on a project in which you pursue a specialised investigation. In the case of the MPhys degree this is normally a major project designed to equip you for a career in research. For information about final-year projects, visit Department of Physics and Astronomy: Final-year projects.

E-learning also plays an important part in our courses. In your first year, the web-based Mastering Physics package provides an online tutorial system that is used for independent practice and assessment, with overall supervision by your lecturers. All modules are supported by a variety of resources on a VLE (virtual learning environment), including lecture recordings for some.

In order to offer an opportunity for you to work closely with our excellent researchers, we have established a unique research placement course. If you are awarded a place on this course, you can join a state-of-the-art research project during the summer vacation of each year and thereby obtain a deeper understanding of a particular branch of physics or astronomy and develop research skills of great value for a future career. For information about research placement projects, visit Department of Physics and Astronomy: Research placement projects.

We encourage you to customise your course. You can take at least one module each year in another subject area. We also offer flexibility between different physics courses, and if your interests change, our admissions team will be happy to help.

For more information, visit Studying at Sussex.

Also refer to Department of Physics and Astronomy: Teaching methods and Department of Physics and Astronomy: Sussex abroad.

What will I achieve?

The fundamental ideas of physics underpin many other sciences, so you will be well equipped to adapt and apply your knowledge in whatever career you decide to pursue.

You will be able to develop independent ideas, use your newly acquired scientific, technical and interpersonal skills and establish yourself as a graduate ready to take on the world.

All our courses are accredited by the Institute of Physics. On graduation you will qualify for Associate membership, which is the first step towards Chartered Physicist status.

Institute of Physics logo

Back to module list

Classical Mechanics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 1

An introduction to mechanics and its applications, covering: Newton's Laws; particle dynamics; work and kinetic energy; potential energy and energy conservation; momentum, impulse and collisions; rocket propulsion; rigid-body rotation; torque and angular momentum; gyroscopes and precession; statics and equilibrium; fluid statics and dynamics; gravitation, satellite motion and Kepler's laws.

Classical Physics

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 1

This module is focused around three main areas:

Electromagnetism:
-Electric forces and fields in systems with static discrete electric charges and static observers.
-Continuous charge distributions, Gauss's law. Electric potential energy and electric potential. 
-Energy stored by the electric field. Motion of charged particles in static electric fields.
-Conductors and insulators in electric fields. Capacitance and capacitors. Energy storage in capacitors. Dielectrics. Drude's model of conduction. 
-Creation of magnetic fields from linear motion of charges (ie, a current) electron spin and orbital motion; motion perpendicular to an electric field. Force on a charged particle moving perpendicular to magnetic field.

Relativity:
-Historical perspective. 
-Inertial frames and transformations. Newton's laws in inertial frames. 
-Michelson-Morley experiment - observed constancy of speed of light. Einstein's assumptions.
-Lorentz-Einstein transformations; Minkowski diagrams; Lorentz contraction; time dilation. 
-Transformation of velocities - stellar aberration. Variation of mass, mass-energy equivalence. 
-Lorentz transformations for momentum and energy.

Thermodynamics:
-Phases of matter; the zeroth law of thermodynamics; temperature and temperature scales
-Thermal expansion coefficients
-The ideal-gas law
-The kinetic theory of gases; the Maxwell speed distribution; mean free paths; transport properties of gases; the equipartition theorem
-Heat capacity; latent heat
-The first law of thermodynamics; internal energy of gases
-PV diagrams; work
-Adiabatic processes

Introduction to Astrophysics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 1

This module aims to explain the contents, dimensions and history of the universe, primarily at a descriptive level. It applies basic physical laws to the study of the universe, enabling simple calculations. Non-physics students taking this course should be aware that it includes mathematical content. This is mostly algebraic manipulation of equations, but includes calculus and first-order differential equations. This module covers:

  • A brief history of astronomy.
  • The scale of the universe.
  • Time and motion in the universe.
  • Planets, asteroids and comets.
  • Stars: their birth and death.
  • The Milky Way and our place within it.
  • Nebulae.
  • Galaxies: types, distance, formation, structure.
  • Cosmology: dynamics of the universe, the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background.

Mathematical Methods for Physics 1

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 1

Topics covered include:

  • Introduction to functions: functions and graphs; 
  • Classical functions: trigonometry, exponential and logarithmic functions, hyperbolic functions;
  • Differentiation: standard derivatives, differentiation of composite functions;
  • Curves and functions: stationary points, local/global minima/maxima; graph sketching;
  • Integration: standard integrals, integration by parts and substitution, areas, volumes, averages, special integration techniques; 
  • Power series expansions: Taylor expansions, approximations, hyperbolic and trigonometric functions; 
  • Convergence of series: absolute convergence; integral test; ratio test
  • Complex numbers: complex conjugates, complex plane, polar representation, complex algebra, exponential function, DeMoivre's Theorem; 
  • Vectors: working with vectors, scalar product of vectors, vector product of vectors;
  • Determinants and matrices: definition and properties, matrices and matrix algebra, solutions of systems of linear equations.

The computer lab component of the module will introduce you to Maple.

Mathematical Methods for Physics 2

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 1

Topics covered include:

Integration of scalar and vector fields:

  • surface integrals of functions of two variables using cartesian and polar coordinates
  • surface integrals of functions of three variables using cartesian, spherical polar and cylindrical polar coordinates
  • volume integrals of functions of three variables using cartesian, spherical polar and cylindrical polar coordinates
  • line integrals along two- and three-dimensional curves


Differentiation:

  • partial differentiation of functions of several variables
  • definition and interpretation of partial derivatives
  • partial derivatives of first and higher order


Differentiation of scalar and vector fields:

  • directional derivative
  • gradient, divergence and curl and their properties
  • theorems of Gauss, Stokes and their applications.


The computer lab component of the module will introduce you to Python.

Optics & Imaging

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 1

This module covers:

  • Simple harmonic motion
  • Forced oscillations and resonance
  • Mechanical waves
  • Properties of sound
  • Phasors
  • Coupled oscillators and normal modes
  • Geometrical optics to the level of simple optical systems
  • Huygens' principle, introduction to wave optics
  • Interference and diffraction at single and multiple apertures
  • Dispersion
  • Detectors
  • Optical cavities and laser action
  • Practical introduction to the use of telescopes.

Physics in Practice

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 1

This module covers:

  • Dimensions and units
  • Estimation of uncertainties: significant figures and decimal places; coupled with practice in reading Vernier scales
  • Introduction to spreadsheets
  • Mean, standard deviation and standard error: weighted averages, and the uncertainty thereon
  • Error propagation: simple formulae covering addition, multiplication, and powers; general formula for small error propagation
  • Histograms, and manipulation of distributions
  • The Gaussian distribution
  • Chi squared, and (straight) line fitting
  • Identifying and dealing with systematics
  • Assessing data quality
  • Circuit simulation
  • DC circuits: introduction, Ohm's Law, Non-Linear circuit elements, Oscilloscopes
  • Capacitors: RC circuits, differentiator, integrator, low pass filter, high pass filter

Physics Year 1 Laboratory

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 1

This module introduces you to fundamental experiments in physics. You will do a series of classic experiments to build up basic experimental and analysis skills. The experience of preparing, performing and analysing experiments will also deepen the understanding of the fundamental physical concepts involved.

Electrodynamics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 2

This module covers electro/magnetostatics and electrodynamics in differential form with key applications. Topics covered include: mathematical revision.
Electrostatics: equations for the E-field, potential, energy, basic boundary-value setups. Electrostatics: dielectrics, displacement and free charge. Magnetostatics: forces, equations for the B-field, vector potential, Biot-Savart, dipole field of current loops. Magnetostatics: diamagnetism and paramagnetism, auxiliary field H, ferromagnetism. Electrodynamics: Faraday's law, inductance and back emf, circuit applications, Maxwell-Ampere law, energy and Poynting's theorem. Electromagnetic waves: wave equation, plane waves, polarization, waves in dielectrics, reflection at an interface, wave velocity/group velocity/dispersion. Potentials and dipole radiation.

Mathematical Methods for Physics 3

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 2

This module teaches mathematical techniques that are of use in physics, in particular relating to the solution of differential equations. It also aims to give experience of mathematical modelling of physical problems. The module includes:

  • Fourier series
  • Ordinary differential equations
  • Some linear algebra
  • Fourier and Laplace transform
  • Series solutions of differential equations
  • Partial differential equations.

Physics Year 2 Laboratory

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 2

This module aims to teach you how to perform experiments, make measurements, analyse data, and present conclusions in the form of a report. 
You will become familiar with a number of basic measurement techniques employed in experimental physics and with the instrumentation associated with these. Learn how to estimate the uncertainties in various measurement techniques and how to quote statistically significant uncertainties in derived quantities.
You will also be able to report clearly on the conduct of an experiment and on the conclusions drawn from the data obtained.

You will choose a selection from the following experiments:

  • Transmission lines
  • Doppler effect
  • Velocity of light
  • Hall effect
  • Stirling cycle heat engine
  • High-temperature superconductivity 
  • Mercury spectroscopy
  • Zeeman effect
  • Guitar experiment I (Fourier analysis)
  • Refractive index of gases
  • Analogue electronics

Quantum Mechanics 1

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 2

Module topics include

  • Introduction to quantum mechanics, wave functions and the Schroedinger equation in 1D.
  • Statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, probability density, expectation values, normalisation of the wave function.
  • Position and momentum, Heisenberg uncertainty relation.
  • Time-independent Schroedinger equation, stationary states, eigenstates and eigenvalues.
  • Bound states in a potential, infinite square well.
  • Completeness and orthogonality of eigenstates.
  • Free particle, probability current, wave packets, group and phase velocities, dispersion.
  • General potentials, bound and continuum states, continuity of the wave function and its first
  • derivative.
  • Bound states in a finite square well.
  • Left- and right-incident scattering of a finite square well, reflection and transmission probabilities.
  • Reflection and transmission at a finite square well.
  • Reflection and transmission at a square barrier, over-the-barrier reflection, tunnelling, resonant
  • tunnelling through multiple barriers.
  • Harmonic oscillator (analytic approach).
  • Quantum mechanics in 3D, degeneracy in the 3D isotropic harmonic oscillator.
  • Orbital angular momentum, commutators and simultaneous measurement.
  • Motion in a central potential, Schroedinger equation in spherical polar coordinates.
  • Schroedinger equation in a Coulomb potential.
  • H atom.
  • Spin, identical particles, spin-statistics theorem.
  • Helium, basics of atomic structure. 
  • Time-independent perturbation theory for non-degenerate bound states.
  • Applications of perturbation theory, fine structure in the H atom.
  • Schroedinger equation for a particle coupled to an electromagnetic field.
  • Summary and revision

Scientific Computing

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 2

This module covers the revision of representation of numbers and basics of Python programming. Including the application of numerical methods to model simple physical problems, involving:

  • solution of algebraic equations
  • interpolation
  • numerical integration and differentiation
  • numerical solution of ordinary differential equations
  • numerical solution of linear systems of equations
  • visualisation of data.

Skills in Physics 2

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 2

The aims and objectives of the module are to develop and enhance the deployment of a range of skills and knowledge, which should have been acquired in Year 1, to elucidate real problems and/or phenomena. The idea is to improve your abilities to make use of information from appropriate basic modules to solve problems, and to wean you away from the notion that real problems can be solved with the knowledge from a single module.

Stars & Planets

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 2

Module topics include:

  • Equations of stellar structure
  • Star formation
  • Stellar evolution and end points
  • Proto-planetary disks
  • Exoplanets
  • Binary systems

Thermal and Statistical Physics

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 2

Topics covered include:

  • Review of kinetic theory of gases and first law of thermodynamics.
  • Basics of statistical mechanics. Microstates, entropy, second law.
  • Classical thermodynamics. Engines and refrigerators.
  • More statistical mechanics. Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac distributions.
  • Blackbody radiation.
  • Elements of phase transitions.

Advanced Physics Laboratory

30 credits
Autumn & spring teaching, Year 3

You will carry out four separate half-term experimental investigations. Experiments to be allocated include: Stern-Gerlach; Optical Pumping; beta-Ray Spectrometer; Optical Spectroscopy; Electron Spin Resonance; Atomic Force Microscopy; Schmidt Cassegrain Telescope; Doppler-Free Absorption Spectroscopy.

Atomic Physics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 3

Topics covered include: physics of the hydrogen atom; relativistic hydrogen atom (fine structure, antimatter); hyperfine structure of hydrogen and the 21-cm line; interaction with external fields (Zeeman Effect, Stark Effect); helium atom; multi-electron atoms and the periodic system; molecules and chemical binding; molecular structure: vibration and rotation; radiative processes, emission and absorption spectra.

Condensed State Physics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 3

Classification of Solids
1. Types of solids; Classification of elements and compounds by physical properties. 2. Types of bonding. 3. Basic band theory of metals, electrical insulators and semiconductors. 

Crystal Structures 
4. Crystals; Unit cells and lattice parameters. 5. Bravais lattices; Crystallographic basis; Crystal axes and planes. 6. Cubic and hexagonal structures. 7. Reciprocal lattice.

Diffraction by Crystals
8. Physical Processes; Braggs law; Atomic and geometrical scattering factors. 9. Diffraction crystallography. 

Lattice Vibrations
10. Thermal properties of electrical insulators: Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity. 11. Vibrations of monatomic and diatomic 1-D crystals; Acoustic and Optical modes. 12. Quantisation of Lattice Vibrations; Phonons. 13. Einstein and Debye Models for Lattice Specific Heat.

The Free Electron Model
14. Classical Free Electron Gas. 15. Quantised Free Electron Model. 16. Specific Heat of the Conduction Electrons. 17. Electrical and Thermal Conductivity of metals. 18. AC conductivity and Optical Properties of metals.

Dielectric and Optical Properties of Insulators
19. Dielectric Constant and Polarizability. 20. Sources of Polarizability; Dipolar Dispersion.

Galaxies

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 3

This module covers:

  • Galaxy formation: linear perturbation theory; Growth and collapse of spherical perturbations; derivation of Jeans mass; hierarchical galaxy formation models, large-scale structures.
  • Virial theorem; Stellar dynamics and kinematics: Solutions of Poisson's equation; Oort's analysis; epicyclic motions; two-body relaxation
  • Phase-space distribution function and collisionless Boltzmann equation; Jeans theorems; Solutions of collisionless Boltzmann equation; application of Jeans' equations.
  • Galaxy groups and clusters; galaxy evolution; intergalactic medium.

Nuclear and Particle Physics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 3

This module on nuclear and particle physics covers:

  • Chronology of discoveries.
  • Basic nuclear properties.
  • Nuclear forces.
  • Models of nuclear structure.
  • Magic numbers.
  • Nuclear reactions, nuclear decay and radioactivity, including their roles in nature.
  • The weak force.
  • Existence and properties of neutrinos.
  • Qualitative introduction to neutrino oscillations.
  • C, P and T symmetries.
  • Classification of elementary particles, and their reactions and decays.
  • Particle structure.
  • Qualitative introduction to Feynman diagrams.

Quantum Mechanics 2

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 3

This module on quantum mechanics employing Dirac notation and algebraic methods. Topics covered include:

  • Dirac's formulation of quantum mechanics - bras&kets, observables, algebraic treatment of harmonic oscillator, x&p representation, compatibility, uncertainty
  • Symmetries and conservation laws - generators of translations&rotations, parity, time evolution, Heisenberg picture
  • Angular momentum - algebraic treatment, spin, "addition" of angular momenta, explicit form of rotation operators
  • Approximation methods - time-independent perturbation theory: first and second orders, degeneracies; WKB approximation & tunneling
  • Interaction picture and time-dependent perturbation theory
  • Basics of field quantisation - creation and annihilation operators, EM transitions
  • Basic scattering theory
  • Mixed states and quantum measurement - density matrix, Bell's inequality
  • Elements of relativistic QM and antiparticles

Advanced Condensed State Physics

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 3

This module covers the following topics:

  • Electronic Energy bands in Solids. Electrons in periodic potentials; Brillouin Zones; Bloch states. Nearly Free Electron (NFE) model. Tight-Binding Approximation (TBA) model. Band structure of selected metals, insulators and semiconductors. Optical Properties.
  • Electron Dynamics. Electrons and holes. Effective Mass. Mobilities. Magneto-transport.
  • Semiconductors. Classification; Energy Gaps. Donor and Acceptor doping. Equilibrium carrier statistics in intrinsic and doped materials. Temperature dependence of electrical and optical properties.
  • Semiconductor Devices. p-n junctions. Diodes, LEDs, Lasers, Transistors. Superlattices and 2DEG devices. 
  • Lattice Defects. Types of defects. Electronic and optical effects of defects in semiconductors and insulators.

Lasers

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 3

This module covers:

  • Light-matter interaction. 
  • Rate equations of lasers. 
  • Principles of Gaussian optics and optical cavities. 
  • Types of lasers and their applications.

Particle Physics

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 3

Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

This module will introduce you to fluid dynamics with reference primarily to astrophysical flows, but accessible and of interest and value to all physics students. Topics covered include: fluid equations: conservation of mass and momentum; gravitation and the Poisson equation; energy and energy transport; hydrostatic equilibrium: atmospheres; stars as polytropes; Lane-Emden equation; homology relations; sound waves; shocks and blast waves; bernoulli: de Laval nozzle; spherical accretion; winds; instabilities: Rayleigh-Taylor; Kelvin Helmholtz; Jeans; thermal; viscous flows: accretion disks; magnetohydrodynamics.

Introduction to Cosmology

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

This module covers:

  • observational overview: In visible light and other wavebands; the cosmological principle; the expansion of the universe; particles in the universe.
  • Newtonian gravity: the Friedmann equation; the fluid equation; the acceleration equation.
  • geometry: flat, spherical and hyperbolic; infinite vs. observable universes; introduction to topology
  • cosmological models: solving equations for matter and radiation dominated expansions and for mixtures (assuming flat geometry and zero cosmological constant); variation of particle number density with scale factor; variation of scale factor with time and geometry.
  • observational parameters: hubble, density, deceleration.
  • cosmological constant: fluid description; models with a cosmological constant.
  • the age of the universe: tests; model dependence; consequences
  • dark matter: observational evidence; properties; potential candidates (including MACHOS, neutrinos and WIMPS)
  • the cosmic microwave background: properties; derivation of photo to baryon ratio; origin of CMB (including decoupling and recombination).
  • the early universe: the epoch of matter-radiation equality; the relation between temperature and time; an overview of physical properties and particle behaviour.
  • nucleosynthesis: basics of light element formation; derivation of percentage, by mass, of helium; introduction to observational tests; contrasting decoupling and nucleosynthesis.
  • inflation: definition; three problems (what they are and how they can be solved); estimation of expansion during inflation; contrasting early time and current inflationary epochs; introduction to cosmological constant problem and quintessence.
  • initial singularity: definition and implications.
  • connection to general relativity: brief introduction to Einstein equations and their relation to Friedmann equation.
  • cosmological distance scales: proper, luminosity, angular distances; connection to observables.
  • structures in the universe: CMB anisotropies; galaxy clustering
  • constraining cosmology: connection to CMB, large scale structure (inc BAO and weak lensing) and supernovae.

MPhys Final Year Project

45 credits
Autumn & spring teaching, Year 4

You will undertake individually a significant two-term research project under the supervision of a member of teaching staff. The topic will be chosen from a list that will vary from year to year and will be made available to you during the second term of your third year

Programming in C++

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

After a review of the basic concepts of the C++ language, you are introduced to object oriented programming in C++ and its application to scientific computing. This includes writing and using classes and templates, operator overloading, inheritance, exceptions and error handling. In addition, Eigen, a powerful library for linear algebra is introduced. The results of programs are displayed using the graphics interface dislin.

Skills in Physics 4

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 4

The module will cover a large number and wide selection of real problems and natural phenomena whose solutions or explanations require knowledge of the core physics covered mainly in years 1 to 3 of the MPhys course. You are required to present your solutions to these problems in the group sessions and in written form.

Astronomical Detector Technology & Instrumentation

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 4

This module aims to provide you with: an overview of instrumentation and detectors; awareness of the topical cutting edge questions in the field; an appreciation of how scientific requirements translate to instrument/detector requirements and design.

This module covers:

  • An introduction to astronomy and astrophysics: fluxes, luminosities, magnitudes, etc. Radiation processes, black bodies, spectra. Stars.Galaxies. Planets. Cosmology
  • Telescopes and instruments: optical telescopes. Interferometry. Cameras. Spectroscopy. Astronomy beyond the e/m spectrum
  • Detectors by wavelength: gamma. X-ray. UV. Optical. NIR. Mid-IR. FIR. Sub-mm. Radio
  • Detector selection for a future space mission: scientific motivation and requirements. Detector options. External constraints, financial, risk, etc. Detector selection

 



Astronomy Research Skills

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

Atom Light Interactions

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

The module deals with the interaction of atoms with electromagnetic radiation. Starting from the classical Lorentz model, the relevant physical processes are discussed systematically. This includes the interaction of classical radiation with two-level atoms and the full quantum model of atom light interactions. Applications such as light forces on atoms and lasers are explored.

Data Analysis Techniques

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

This module introduces you to the mathematical and statistical techniques used to analyse data. The module is fairly rigorous, and is aimed at students who have, or anticipate having, research data to analyse in a thorough and unbiased way.

Topics include: probability distributions; error propagation; maximum likelihood method and linear least squares fitting; chi-squared testing; subjective probability and Bayes' theorem; monte Carlo techniques; and non-linear least squares fitting.

Electrons, Cold Atoms & Quantum Circuits

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 4

Topics covered include:

  • Basics of Penning trap technology. Motion and eigenfrequencies of a trapped particle.
  • Electrostatics and design of planar Penning traps. 
  • Electronic detection of a single trapped particle. 
  • The continuous Stern-Gerlach effect. Measurement of the Spin. 
  • Applications 1: Measurement of the electron's g-factor. Test of QED.
  • Applications 2: Measurement of the electron's mass. Mass spectrometry.
  • Trapping of neutral atoms with magnetic fields: Ioffe-Pritchard traps and the atom chip. 
  • Basics of Bose-Einstein condensation. 
  • Matter wave interferometry in atom chips: the adiabatic RF dressing technique.
  • Introduction to circuit-QED. Superconducting microwave resonators and artificial atoms.
  • Coherent quantum wiring of electrons, cold atoms and artificial atoms in a chip.

Experimental Quantum Technologies and Foundations

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 4

The module will introduce you to the practical implementation of quantum technologies. Topics include:

  • general introduction to quantum computers
  • ion trap quantum computers
  • quantum computing with superconducting qubits
  • quantum computing with neutral atoms
  • linear optics quantum computing
  • other quantum computing implementations
  • hybrid quantum technologies
  • quantum simulators
  • quantum cryptography
  • quantum effects in macroscopic systems
  • quantum effects in biological systems
  • foundations of quantum physics
  • quantum physics and philosophy

Further Quantum Mechanics

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

Topics covered include:

  • Review of 4-vector notation and Maxwell equations. 
  • Relativistic quantum mechanics: Klein-Gordon equation and antiparticles.
  • Time-dependent perturbation theory. Application to scattering processes and calculation of cross-sections. Feynman diagrams.
  • Spin-1/2 particles and the Dirac equation. Simple fermionic scatterings.

 

General Relativity

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

This module provides an introduction to the general theory of relativity, including:

  • Brief review of special relativity
  • Scalars, vectors and tensors
  • Principles of equivalence and covariance
  • Space-time curvature
  • The concept of space-time and its metric
  • Tensors and curved space-time; covariant differentiation
  • The energy-momentum tensor
  • Einstein's equations
  • The Schwarzschild solution and black holes
  • Tests of general relativity
  • Weak field gravity and gravitational waves
  • Relativity in cosmology and astrophysics.

Particle Physics Detector Technology

15 credits
Spring teaching, Year 4

The module explores the technical manner in which some of the scientific questions in the fields of experimental particle physics, including high energy physics, neutrino physics etc, are being addressed. You are introduced to many of the experimental techniques that are used to study the particle phenomena. The focus is on the demands those scientific requirements place on the detector technology and current state-of-the-art technologies.
This module aims to provide you with an introduction to some of the basic concepts of particle physics and an overview of some of the topical cutting edge questions in the field. As well as an understanding of some key types of experiments and a detailed understanding of the underlying detector technologies.

Module topics include:

  • Introduction to particle structure. Particles and forces, masses and lifetimes. Coupling strengths and interactions. Cross sections and decays
  • Accelerators. Principles of acceleration. Kinematics, center of mass. Fixed target experiments, colliders
  • Reactors.Nuclear fission reactors, fission reactions, types of reactors. Neutron sources, absorption and moderation, neutron reactions. Nuclear fusion, solar and fusion reactors
  • Detectors. Gaseous. Liquid (scintillator, cerenkov, bubble chamber). Solid-state. Scintillation. Calorimeters, tracking detectors. Particle identification
  • Monte Carlo modelling. Physics.

Quantum Field Theory 1

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

This module is an introduction into quantum field theory, covering

  • Action principle and Lagrangean formulation of mechanics
  • Lagrangean formulation of field theory and relativistic invariance
  • Symmetry, invariance and Noether's theorem
  • Canonical quantization of the scalar field
  • Canonical quantization of the electromagnetic field
  • Canonical quantization of the Dirac spinor field
  • Interactions, the S matrix, and perturbative expansions
  • Feynman rules and radiative corrections.

Quantum Optics and Quantum Information

15 credits
Autumn teaching, Year 4

The module will introduce you to quantum optics and quantum information, covering:

  • Quantum systems and the qubit
  • Non-locality in quantum mechanics
  • Methods of quantum optics
  • The density matrix
  • The process of measurement
  • Introduction of irreversibility
  • Decoherence and quantum information
  • Quantum and classical communication
  • Measures of entanglement and distance between states
  • Logic operations and quantum algorithms
  • Requirements for quantum computers
  • Physical systems for quantum information processing.

Back to module list

Entry requirements

Sussex welcomes applications from students of all ages who show evidence of the academic maturity and broad educational background that suggests readiness to study at degree level. For most students, this will mean formal public examinations; details of some of the most common qualifications we accept are shown below. If you are an overseas student, refer to Applicants from outside the UK.

All teaching at Sussex is in the English language. If your first language is not English, you will also need to demonstrate that you meet our English language requirements.

A level

Typical offer: AAA

Specific entry requirements: A levels must include both Mathematics and Physics. The A level in 'Use of Mathematics' is not acceptable.

International Baccalaureate

Typical offer: 35 points overall

Specific entry requirements: Higher Levels must include both Mathematics and Physics, with a grade of 6 in each.

For more information refer to International Baccalaureate.

Access to HE Diploma

Typical offer: Pass the Access to HE Diploma with at least 45 credits at Level 3, of which 30 credits must be at Distinction and 15 credits at Merit or higher.

Specific entry requirements: Successful applicants will need A levels in both Mathematics and Physics in addition to the Access to HE Diploma (with grade A in each).

For more information refer to Access to HE Diploma.

Advanced Diploma

Typical offer: Pass with at least a grade A in the Diploma and at least A in the Additional and Specialist Learning.

Specific entry requirements: The Additional and Specialist Learning must be an A level in either Mathematics or Physics, grade A; with the other subject taken as an extra A level (also at grade A).

For more information refer to Advanced Diploma.

BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma

Typical offer: DDD

Specific entry requirements: In addition to the BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma, successful applicants will also need A levels in both Mathematics and Physics (with at least grade A in each).

For more information refer to BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma.

European Baccalaureate

Typical offer: Overall result of at least 85%

Specific entry requirements: Evidence of existing academic ability in both Mathematics and Physics is essential (normally with a final grade of at least 8.0 in each).

For more information refer to European Baccalaureate.

Finnish Ylioppilastutkinto

Typical offer: Overall average result in the final matriculation examinations of at least 7.0.

Specific entry requirements: Evidence of existing academic ability in both Mathematics and Physics is essential.

French Baccalauréat

Typical offer: Overall final result of at least 14/20

Specific entry requirements: Successful students will need to be taking the science strand within the French Baccalauréat with a final result of at least 12/20 in both Mathematics and Physics.

German Abitur

Typical offer: Overall result of 1.5 or better

Specific entry requirements: Successful applicants will need a very good final result in both Mathematics and Physics (at least 12/15 in each).

Irish Leaving Certificate (Higher level)

Typical offer: AAAAAA

Specific entry requirements: Highers must include both Mathematics and Physics, grade A in each.

Italian Diploma di Maturità or Diploma Pass di Esame di Stato

Typical offer: Final Diploma mark of at least 95/100

Specific entry requirements: Evidence of existing high levels of academic ability in both Mathematics and Physics is essential.

Scottish Highers and Advanced Highers

Typical offer: AAAAA

Specific entry requirements: Highers must include both Mathematics and Physics, at grade A. Applicants must also have Advanced Highers in both Mathematics and Physics (also grade A in each).

For more information refer to Scottish Highers and Advanced Highers.

Spanish Titulo de Bachillerato (LOGSE)

Typical offer: Overall average result of at least 9.0

Specific entry requirements: Evidence of existing high levels of academic ability in both Mathematics and Physics is essential.

Welsh Baccalaureate Advanced Diploma

Typical offer: Pass the Core plus AA in two A-levels

Specific entry requirements: A levels must include both Mathematics and Physics. The A level in 'Use of Mathematics' is not acceptable.

For more information refer to Welsh Baccalaureate.

English language requirements

IELTS 6.5 overall, with not less than 6.0 in each section. Internet-based TOEFL with 88 overall, with at least 20 in Listening, 19 in Reading, 21 in Speaking and 23 in Writing.

For more information, refer to alternative English language requirements.

For more information about the admissions process at Sussex:

Undergraduate Admissions,
Sussex House,
University of Sussex, Falmer,
Brighton BN1 9RH, UK
T +44 (0)1273 678416
F +44 (0)1273 678545
E ug.enquiries@sussex.ac.uk

Fees and funding

Fees

Home/EU students: £9,0001
Channel Island and Isle of Man students: £9,0002
Overseas students: £16,2003

1 The fee shown is for the academic year 2013.
2 The fee shown is for the academic year 2013.
3 The fee shown is for the academic year 2013.

To find out about your fee status, living expenses and other costs, visit further financial information.

Funding

The University offers a number of scholarships. The most outstanding applicants may wish to apply to our MPhys in Physics (research placement), which offers a unique combination of additional financial support and genuine research experience during the undergraduate degree.

The funding sources listed below are for the subject area you are viewing and may not apply to all degrees listed within it. Please check the description of the individual funding source to make sure it is relevant to your chosen degree.

To find out more about funding and part-time work, visit further financial information.

Care Leavers Award (2014)

Region: UK
Level: UG
Application deadline: 31 July 2015

For students have been in council care before starting at Sussex.

First-Generation Scholars Scheme (2014)

Region: UK
Level: UG
Application deadline: 12 June 2015

The scheme is targeted to help students from relatively low income families – ie those whose family income is up to £42,622.

First-Generation Scholars Scheme EU Student Award (2014)

Region: Europe (Non UK)
Level: UG
Application deadline: 12 June 2015

£3,000 fee waiver for UG Non-UK EU students whose family income is below £25,000

Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust for Undergraduate Study (2014)

Region: UK
Level: UG
Application deadline: 1 March 2014

The Leverhulme Trade Charities Trust are offering bursaries to Undergraduate students following an undergraduate degree courses in any subject.

 

Careers and profiles

This course helps you to develop versatile skills that are in high demand among employers. Our graduates are able to go into employment in fields such as research and development, banking and finance, product development, health sciences, teaching and postgraduate study, and computing and information technology. 

Our careers officer gives advice and organises events and talks by speakers such as Sussex graduate and Rough Science star Jonathan Hare.

Recent graduates have taken up a wide range of posts with employers including: business analyst at American Express • PhD student at University College London • PhD student at the University of Portsmouth • telephone researcher at Network Research • tutor at Maths Doctor.

Specific employer destinations listed are taken from recent Destinations of Leavers from Higher Education surveys, which are produced annually by the Higher Education Statistics Agency.

Also refer to Department of Physics and Astronomy: Career opportunities and Department of Physics and Astronomy: Student perspectives.

Careers and employability

For employers, it’s not so much what you know, but what you can do with your knowledge that counts. The experience and skills you’ll acquire during and beyond your studies will make you an attractive prospect. Initiatives such as SussexPlus, delivered by the Careers and Employability Centre, help you turn your skills to your career advantage. It’s good to know that 94 per cent of our graduates are in work or further study (Which? University).

For more information on the full range of initiatives that make up our career and employability plan for students, visit Careers and alumni.

Contact our School

School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences

The School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences brings together two outstanding and progressive departments - Mathematics, and Physics and Astronomy. It capitalises on the synergy between these subjects to deliver new and challenging opportunities for its students and faculty.

How do I find out more?

For general information, contact our admissions team:
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Sussex, Falmer, 
Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
E ug.admissions@physics.sussex.ac.uk
T +44 (0)1273 678557
F +44 (0)1273 678097
Department of Physics and Astronomy

Visit us

Sussex Open Day
Saturday 5 October 2013

Open Days offer you the chance to speak one to one with our world-leading academic staff, find out more about our courses, tour specialist facilities, explore campus, visit student accommodation, and much more. Booking is required. Go to Visit us and Open Days to book onto one of our tours.

Campus tours

Not able to attend one of our Open Days? Then book on to one of our weekly guided campus tours.

Mature-student information session

If you are 21 or over, and thinking about starting an undergraduate degree at Sussex, you may want to attend one of our mature student information sessions. Running between October and December, they include guidance on how to approach your application, finance and welfare advice, plus a guided campus tour with one of our current mature students.

Self-guided visits

If you are unable to make any of the visit opportunities listed, drop in Monday to Friday year round and collect a self-guided tour pack from Sussex House reception.

Jonathan's staff perspective

Jonathan Bridges

‘Sussex provides world-leading teaching and excellent academic facilities, with a vibrant student life in a fantastic location. All of this meant that I left Sussex with a unique set of experiences and a degree that has prepared me for my future.

‘Joining Student Recruitment Services at the University has enabled me to share my experiences of Sussex with others. Coming to an Open Day gives you the opportunity to meet our research-active academics and our current students, while exploring our beautiful campus. But don’t worry if you can’t make an Open Day, there’s plenty of other opportunities to visit Sussex. Check out our Visit us and Open Days pages or our Facebook page to find out more.

‘I’ve loved every moment of my time at Sussex – these have been the best years of my life.’

Jonathan Bridges
Graduate Intern, Student Recruitment Services

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