Prof Tim Flowers

Biography

Professor in Plant Physiology

BSc (London) MSc PhD DSc (Nottingham)

 

 

Subject Chairman of the Biology Subject Group from October 1990 to September 1993.
Board of Directors Horticulture Research International from April 1993 to June 1999.
Dean, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex from July 1999 to June 2003.
Visiting Professor, University of Western Australia from August 2003.
Visiting Professor, University of Lanzhou, China from September 2006.

 

Role

Professor in Plant Physiology

 

Effect of salinity on plants, both crops and wild salt tolerant species (halophytes).

 

My group researches into the mechanisms of salt tolerance in plants from a physiological viewpoint. Past work concentrated on rice, barley, chickpea, Indian mustard, maize and tomato. We have described the effects of salinity on the physiology of rice and mapped quantitative trait loci associated with the accumulation of sodium, potassium and chloride. We are using a xylem-feeding insect to try to determine how rice transports sodium into older rather than younger leaves.

The major focus of our current work is on truly salt-tolerant plants called halophytes.  These plants can grow in the salt concentrations found in seawater and are much more tolerant than our current crops.  We have converted a database of halophytes publishedby James Aronson in 1989 (HALOPH A Data Base of Salt Tolerant Plants of the World. Office of Arid Land Studies, University of Arizona.Tucson, Arizona) to an electronic format (available at www.kew.org/data/sid/halophyte.html).  This database is currently being revised and extended and will be used to evaluate the evolution of salt tolerance in collaboration with Lindell Bromham at the Australian National University in Canberra. We are also investigating the transport of sodium and chloride ions from roots to shoots of halophytes and with colleagues at Lanzhou University.

Wetson, Anne M, Zörb, Christian, John, Elizabeth A and Flowers, Timothy J (2012) High phenotypic plasticity of Suaeda maritima observed under hypoxic conditions in relation to its physiological basis. Annals of Botany, 109 (5). pp. 1027-1036. ISSN 0305-7364

Malash, Nabeel M, Flowers, Timothy J and Ragab, Ragab (2011) Plant-water relations, growth and productivity of tomato irrigated by different methods with saline and non-saline water. Irrigation and Drainage, 60 (4). pp. 446-453. ISSN 1531-0353

Bashtanova, Uliana B and Flowers, Timothy J (2011) Diversity and physiological plasticity of vegetable genotypes of coriander improves herb yield, habit and harvesting window in any season. Euphytica, 180 (3). pp. 369-384. ISSN 0014-2336

Wetson, Anne M and Flowers, Timothy J (2011) Corrigendum to: The effect of saline hypoxia on growth and ion uptake in Suaeda maritima. Functional Plant Biology, 38 (12). pp. 1024-1025. ISSN 1445-4408

Wetson, A M and Flowers, T J (2010) The effect of saline hypoxia on growth and ion uptake in Suaeda maritima. Functional Plant Biology, 37 (7). pp. 646-655. ISSN 1445-4408

Flowers, Timothy J, Galal, Hanaa K and Bromham, Lindell (2010) Evolution of halophytes: multiple origins of salt tolerance in land plants. Functional Plant Biology, 37 (7). pp. 604-612. ISSN 1445-4408

Faiyue, Bualuang, Vijayalakshmi, Chenniappan, Nawaz, Shafqat, Nagato, Yasuo, Taketa, Shin, Ichii, Masahiko, Al-Azzawi, Mohammed J and Flowers, Timothy J (2010) Studies on sodium bypass flow in lateral rootless mutants lrt1 and lrt2, and crown rootless mutant crl1 of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell & Environment, 33 (5). pp. 687-701. ISSN 0140-7791

Faiyue, Bualuang, Al-Azzawi, Mohammed J and Flowers, Timothy J (2010) The role of lateral roots in bypass flow in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Cell & Environment, 33 (5). pp. 702-716. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, T J, Gaur, P M, Gowda, C L L, Krishnamurthy, L, Samineni, S, Siddique, K H M, Turner, N C, Vadez, V, Varshney, R K and Colmer, T D (2010) Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant, Cell and Environment, 33 (4). pp. 490-509. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, Timothy J, Gaur, P M, Gowda, C L L, Krishnamurthy, L, Samineni, S, Siddique, K H M, Turner, N C, Vadez, V, Varshney, R K and Colmer, T D (2010) Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant, Cell and Environment, 33 (4). pp. 490-509. ISSN 0140-7791 (Submitted)

Seal, Charlotte E, Zammit, Rosa, Scott, Peter, Flowers, Timothy J and Kranner, Ilse (2010) Glutathione half-cell reduction potential and α-tocopherol as viability markers during the prolonged storage of Suaeda maritima seeds. Seed Science Research, 20 (1). pp. 47-53. ISSN 0960-2585

Zhang, Jin-Lin, Flowers, Timothy J and Wang, Suo-Min (2010) Mechanisms of sodium uptake by roots of higher plants. Plant and Soil, 326 (1-2). pp. 45-60. ISSN 0032-079X

Bashtanova, Uliana B, Beckett, K Paul and Flowers, Timothy J (2009) Review: Physiological Approaches to the Improvement of Chemical Control of Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica). Weed Science, 57 (6). pp. 584-592. ISSN 0043-1745

Cassaniti, Carla, Leonardi, Cherubino and Flowers, Timothy J (2009) The effects of sodium chloride on ornamental shrubs. Scientia Horticulturae, 122 (4). pp. 586-593. ISSN 0304-4238

Wang, Chun-Mei, Zhang, Jin-Lin, Liu, Xue-Song, Liu, Zhan, Wu, Guo-Qiang, Cai, Jian-Yi, Flowers, Timothy J and Wang, Suo-Min (2009) Puccinellia tenuiflora maintains a low Na(+) level under salinity by limiting unidirectional Na(+) influx resulting in a high selectivity for K(+) over Na(+). Plant, Cell and Environment, 32 (5). pp. 486-496. ISSN 0140-7791

Wang, Chun-Mei, Zhang, Jin-Lin, Liu, Xue-Song, Li, Zhan, Wu, Guo-Qiang, Cai, Jian-Yi, Flowers, Timothy J and Wang, Suo-Min (2009) Puccinellia tenuiflora maintains a low Na+ level under salinity by limiting unidirectional Na+ influx resulting in a high selectivity for K+ over Na+. Plant, Cell and Environment, 32 (5). pp. 486-496. ISSN 0140-7791

Roshandel, Parto and Flowers, Timothy (2009) The ionic effects of NaCl on physiology and gene expression in rice genotypes differing in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil, 315 (1-2). pp. 135-147. ISSN 0032-079X

Rozema, Jelte and Flowers, Timothy (2008) Crops for a Salinized World. Science, 322 (5907). pp. 1478-1480. ISSN 0036-8075

Flowers, Timothy J and Colmer, Timothy D (2008) Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytologist, 179 (4). pp. 945-963. ISSN 0028-646X

Colmer, Timothy D and Flowers, Timothy J (2008) Flooding tolerance in halophytes. New Phytologist, 179 (4). pp. 964-974. ISSN 0028-646X

Malash, N M, Flowers, T J and Ragab, R (2008) Effect of irrigation methods, management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield, soil moisture and salinity distribution. Irrigation Science, 26 (4). pp. 313-323. ISSN 0342-7188

Martinez-Rodriguez, M M, Estañ, M T, Moyano, E, Garcia-Abellan, J O, Flores, F B, Campos, J F, Al-Azzawi, M J, Flowers, T J and Bolarín, M C (2008) The effectiveness of grafting to improve salt tolerance in tomato when an 'excluder' genotype is used as scion. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 63 (1-3). pp. 392-401. ISSN 0098-8472

Wetson, Anne M, Cassaniti, Carla and Flowers, Timothy J (2008) Do Conditions During Dormancy Influence Germination of Suaeda maritima? Annals of Botany, 101 (9). pp. 1319-1327. ISSN 0305-7364

Wang, Suo-Min, Zhang, Jin-Lin and Flowers, Timothy J (2007) Low-Affinity Na+ Uptake in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima. Plant Physiology, 145 (2). pp. 559-571. ISSN 0032-0889

Gong, H J, Randall, D P and Flowers, T J (2006) Silicon deposition in the root reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings by reducing bypass flow. Plant, Cell and Environment, 29 (10). pp. 1970-1979. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, Tim (2006) Plants and Salinity - Preface. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57 (5). IV-IV. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, Tim (2006) Preface. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57 (5). IV-IV. ISSN 0022-0957

Parker, Robert, Flowers, Timothy J, Moore, Anthony L and Harpham, Nicholas V J (2006) An accurate and reproducible method for proteome profiling of the effects of salt stress in the rice leaf lamina. Journal of Experimental Botany, 57 (5). pp. 1109-1118. ISSN 0022-0957

Colmer, T D, Munns, R and Flowers, T J (2005) Improving salt tolerance of wheat and barley: future prospects. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 45 (11). pp. 1425-1443. ISSN 0045-060X

Malash, N, Flowers, T J and Ragab, R (2005) Effect of irrigation systems and water management practices using saline and non-saline water on tomato production. Agricultural Water Management, 78 (1-2). pp. 25-38. ISSN 0378-3774

Flowers, T J and Flowers, S A (2005) Why does salinity pose such a difficult problem for plant breeders? Agricultural Water Management, 78 (1-2). pp. 15-24. ISSN 0378-3774

Flowers, T J, Ragab, R, Malash, N, Gawad, G Abdel, Cuartero, J and Arslan, A (2005) Sustainable strategies for irrigation in salt-prone Mediterranean: SALTMED. Agricultural Water Management, 78 (1-2). pp. 3-14. ISSN 0378-3774

Parker, R, Harpham, N V J, Flowers, T J, Wood, C K and Moore, A L (2005) Proteomic characterisation of the response to salt stress in Oryza sativa leaf tissue. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 141 (3). S342-S342. ISSN 1095-6433

Bridges, R, Malone, M and Flowers, T J (2005) Sodium concentrations in the xylem sap of rice growing in saline solution culture. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 141 (3). S344-S344. ISSN 1095-6433

Estañ, Maria T, Martinez-Rodriguez, Maria M, Perez-Alfocea, Francisco, Flowers, Timothy J and Bolarin, Maria C (2005) Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56 (412). pp. 703-712. ISSN 0022-0957

Estan, M T, Martinez-Rodriguez, M M, Perez-Alfocea, F, Flowers, T J and Bolarín, M C (2005) Grafting raises the salt tolerance of tomato through limiting the transport of sodium and chloride to the shoot. Journal of Experimental Botany, 56 (412). pp. 703-712. ISSN 0022-0957

Ibemesim, R I and Flowers, T J (2005) Interaction of salinity and T-22 with two maize varieties. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 141 (3). S345-S345. ISSN 1095-6433

Ramadan, T and Flowers, T J (2004) Effects of salinity and benzyl adenine on development and function of microhairs of Zea mays L. Planta, 219 (4). pp. 639-648. ISSN 0032-0935

Flowers, T J (2004) Improving crop salt tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55 (396). pp. 307-319. ISSN 0022-0957

Carden, David E, Walker, David J, Flowers, Timothy J and Miller, Anthony J (2003) Single-Cell Measurements of the Contributions of Cytosolic Na+ and K+ to Salt Tolerance. Plant Physiology, 131 (2). pp. 676-683. ISSN 0032-0889

Carden, David E, Walker, David J, Flowers, Timothy J and Miller, Anthony J (2003) Single-cell measurements of the contributions of cytosolic Na+ and K+ to cell salt tolerance. Plant Physiology, 131. pp. 676-683. ISSN 0032-0889

Welfare, K, Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (2002) Effects of salinity and ozone, individually and in combination, on the growth and ion contents of two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties. Environmental Pollution, 120 (2). pp. 397-403. ISSN 0269-7491

Din, J and Flowers, T J (2002) Effect of ABA seed pre-treatment on the response of wheat (Tritium aesitivum L.) to salinity, with special reference to plant growth, ion relations and protein patterns. In: Prospects for Saline Agriculture. Tasks for Vegetation Science (37). Springer, pp. 145-154. ISBN 9781402006203

Shereen, Aisha, Ansari, R, Flowers, T J, Yeo, A R and Ala, S A (2002) Rice cultivation in saline soils. In: Prospects for Saline Agriculture. Tasks for Vegetation Science, 37 (37). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 189-192. ISBN 1-4020-0620-9

Flowers, T J and Flowers, S A (2002) The role of molecular biology in enhancing the salt-tolerance of horticultural crops. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Techniques to Control Salination for Horticultural Productivity. Acta Horticulturae (573). International Society for Horticultural Science, pp. 227-236. ISBN 9789066058354

Abdullah, Z, Khan, M A and Flowers, Tim (2001) Causes of sterility in seed set of rice under salinity stress. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 187 (1). pp. 25-32. ISSN 0931-2250

Flowers, T J and Hajibagheri, M A (2001) Salinity tolerance in Hordeum vulgare: ion concentrations in root cells of cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil, 231 (1). pp. 1-9. ISSN 0032-079X

Koyama, Mikiko L, Levesley, Aurora, Koebner, Robert M D, Flowers, Timothy J and Yeo, Anthony R (2001) Quantitative Trait Loci for Component Physiological Traits Determining Salt Tolerance in Rice. Plant Physiology, 125 (1). pp. 406-422. ISSN 0032-0889

Flowers, T J and Hajibagheri, M A (2001) Salinity tolerance in Hordeum vulgare: ion concentrations in root cells of cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Plant and Soil, 231 (1). pp. 1-9. ISSN 0032-079X

Flowers, T J, Koyama, M L, Flowers, S A, Sudhakar, Chinta, Singh, K P and Yeo, A R (2000) QTL: their place in engineering tolerance of rice to salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51 (342). pp. 99-106. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J, Koyama, M L, Flowers, S A, Sudhakar, C, Singh, K P and Yeo, A R (2000) QTL: their place in engineering tolerance of rice to salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51 (342). pp. 99-106. ISSN 0022-0957

Yeo, A R, Flowers, S A, Rao, G, Welfare, K, Senanayake, N and Flowers, T J (1999) Silicon reduces sodium uptake in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in saline conditions and this is accounted for by a reduction in the transpirational bypass flow. Plant, Cell and Environment, 22 (5). pp. 559-565. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, T J (1998) Salinisation and horticultural production. Scientia Horticulturae, 78 (1-4). pp. 1-4. ISSN 0304-4238

Fricke, Wieland and Flowers, T J (1998) Control of leaf cell elongation in barley. Generation rates of osmotic pressure and turgor, and growth-associated water potential gradients. Planta, 206 (1). pp. 53-65. ISSN 0032-0935

Garcia, A, Rizzo, C A, Ud-Din, J, Bartos, S L, Senadhira, D, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1997) Sodium and potassium transport to the xylem are inherited independently in rice, and the mechanism of sodium: potassium selectivity differs between rice and wheat. Plant, Cell and Environment, 20 (9). pp. 1167-1174. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, T J, Garcia, A, Koyama, M L and Yeo, A R (1997) Breeding for salt tolerance in crop plants - the role of molecular biology. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum , 19 (4). pp. 427-433. ISSN 0137-5881

Flowers, Timothy John, Garcia, Aurora, Koyama, Mikiko and Yeo, Anthony Richard (1997) Breeding for salt tolerance in crop plants - the role of molecular biology. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum , 19 (4). pp. 427-433. ISSN 0137-5881

Yeo, M E, Cuartero, J, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1997) Gas exchange, water loss and biomass production in rice and wild Oryza species in well-watered and water-limiting growth conditions. Botanica Acta, 110 (1). pp. 32-42. ISSN 0932-8629

Aslam, M, Flowers, T J, Qureshi, R H and Yeo, A R (1996) Interaction of phosphate and salinity on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 176 (4). pp. 249-258. ISSN 0931-2250

Welfare, Karen, Flowers, T J, Taylor, Gail and Yeo, A R (1996) Additive and antagonistic effects of ozone and salinity on the growth, ion contents and gas exchange of five varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Environmental Pollution, 92 (3). pp. 257-266. ISSN 0269-7491

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1996) Metabolic engineering for increased salt tolerance - The next step - Response. Functional Plant Biology, 23 (5). p. 667. ISSN 1445-4408

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1996) Metabolic engineering for increased salt tolerance - The next step - Response. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 23 (5). p. 667. ISSN 0310-7841

Khatun, S and Flowers, T J (1995) Effects of salinity on seed set in rice. Plant, Cell and Environment, 18 (1). pp. 61-67. ISSN 0140-7791

Khatun, S and Flowers, T J (1995) The estimation of pollen viability in rice. Journal of Experimental Botany, 46 (282). pp. 151-154. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1995) Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22 (6). pp. 875-884. ISSN 0310-7841

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1995) Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22 (6). pp. 875-884. ISSN 0310-7841

Taylor, G, Gardner, S D L, Bosac, C, Flowers, T J, Crookshanks, M and Dolan, L (1995) Effects of elevated CO2 on cellular mechanisms, growth and development of trees with particular reference to hybrid poplar. Forestry, 68 (4). pp. 379-390. ISSN 0015-752X

Khatun, S, Rizzo, C A and Flowers, T J (1995) Genotypic variation in the effect of salinity on fertility in rice. Plant and Soil, 173 (2). pp. 239-250. ISSN 0032-079X

Garcia, A, Senadhira, D, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1995) The effects of selection for sodium transport and of selection for agronomic characteristics upon salt resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 90 (7-8). pp. 1106-1111. ISSN 0040-5752

Yeo, M E, Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1994) Photosynthesis and photorespiration in the genus Oryza. Journal of Experimental Botany, 45 (5). pp. 553-560. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, Tim J (1993) Sun, salt and halophytes. Citation Classic, 46. p. 8. ISSN 0090-0508

Hajibagheri, M A and Flowers, T J (1993) Use of freeze-substitution and molecular distillation drying in the preparation of Dunaliella parva for ion localization studies by X-ray microanalysis. Microscopy Research and Technique, 24 (5). pp. 395-399. ISSN 1059-910X

Maathuis, F J M, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1992) Sodium Chloride Compartmentation in Leaf Vacuoles of the Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. and its Relation to Tonoplast Permeability. Journal of Experimental Botany, 43 (9). pp. 1219-1223. ISSN 0022-0957

Cuartero, J, Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1992) Selection of donors for salt-tolerance in tomato using physiological traits. New Phytologist, 121 (1). pp. 63-69. ISSN 0028-646X

Flowers, T J and Dalmond, D (1992) Protein synthesis in halophytes: The influence of potassium, sodium and magnesium in vitro. Plant and Soil, 146 (1-2). pp. 153-161. ISSN 0032-079X

Flowers, T J, Hajibagheri, M A and Yeo, A R (1991) Ion accumulation in the cell walls of rice plants growing under saline conditions: evidence for the Oertli hypothesis. Plant, Cell and Environment, 14 (3). pp. 319-325. ISSN 0140-7791

Yeo, A R, Lee, A-S, Izard, P, Boursier, P J and Flowers, T J (1991) Short- and Long-Term Effects of Salinity on Leaf Growth in Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 42 (7). pp. 881-889. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J, Flowers, S A, Hajibagheri, M A and Yeo, A R (1990) Salt tolerance in the halophytic wild rice, Porteresia coarctata Tateoka. New Phytologist, 114 (4). pp. 675-684. ISSN 0028-646X

Leach, R P, Wheeler, K P, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1990) Molecular Markers for Ion Compartmentation in Cells of Higher Plants II. LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE TONOPLAST OF THE HALOPHYTE SUAEDA MARITIMA (L.) DUM. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41 (9). pp. 1089-1094. ISSN 0022-0957

Leach, R P, Rogers, J, Wheeler, K P, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1990) Molecular Markers for Ion Compartmentation in Cells of Higher Plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41 (9). pp. 1079-1087. ISSN 0022-0957

Leach, R P, Rogers, J, Wheeler, K P, Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1990) Molecular Markers for Ion Compartmentation in Cells of Higher Plants 1. Isolation of vacuoles of high-purity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 41 (9). pp. 1079-1087. ISSN 0022-0957

Yeo, A R, Yeo, M E, Flowers, S A and Flowers, T J (1990) Screening of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes for physiological characters contributing to salinity resistance, and their relationship to overall performance. TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 79 (3). pp. 377-384. ISSN 0040-5752

Hajibagheri, M A, Yeo, A R, Flowers, T J and Collins, J C (1989) Salinity resistance in Zea mays: fluxes of potassium, sodium and chloride, cytoplasmic concentrations and microsomal membrane lipids. Plant, Cell and Environment, 12 (7). pp. 753-757. ISSN 0140-7791

Hajibagheri, M A and Flowers, T J (1989) Quantitative ion localization within Suaeda maritime, cortical cells using the combined techniques of freeze-substitution and X-ray microanalysis. Biochemical Society Transactions, 17 (2). pp. 369-371. ISSN 0300-5127

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1989) Selection for physiological characters - examples from breeding for salt tolerance. In: Plants under Stress: Biochemistry, Physiology and Ecology and Their Application to Plant Improvement. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series (39). Cambridge University Press , pp. 217-234. ISBN 0-521-34423-9

Hajibagheri, M A and Flowers, T J (1989) X-ray microanalysis of ion distribution within root cortical cells of the halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. Planta, 177 (1). pp. 131-134. ISSN 0032-0935

Clipson, N J W, Lachno, D R and Flowers, T J (1988) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima L.Dum.: Abscisic Acid Concentrations in Response to Constant and Altered Salinity. Journal of Experimental Botany, 39 (10). pp. 1381-1388. ISSN 0022-0957

Yeo, A R, Yeo, M E and Flowers, T J (1988) Selection of Lines with High and Low Sodium Transport from Within Varieties of an Inbreeding Species; Rice (Oryza sativa L.). New Phytologist, 110 (1). pp. 13-19. ISSN 0028-646X

Flowers, T J, Salama, F M and Yeo, A R (1988) Water-use efficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to resistance to salinity. Plant, Cell and Environment, 11 (6). pp. 453-459. ISSN 0140-7791

Hajibagheri, M A, Flowers, T J, Collins, J C and Yeo, A R (1988) A Comparison of the Methods of X-ray Microanalysis, Compartmental Analysis and Longitudional Ion Profiles to Estimate Cytoplasmic Ion Concentrations in Two Maize Varieties. Journal of Experimental Botany, 39 (3). pp. 279-290. ISSN 0022-0957

Hajibagheri, M A, Harvey, D M R and Flowers, T J (1987) Quantitative ion distribution within root cells of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant maize varieties. New Phytologist, 105 (3). pp. 367-379. ISSN 0028-646X

Hajibagheri, M A, Harvey, D M R and Flowers, T J (1987) Quntitative ion distribution within root cells of salt-sensitive and salt-tolerant maize varieties. New Phytologist, 105 (3). pp. 367-379. ISSN 0028-646X

Clipson, N J W and Flowers, T J (1987) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) dum. The Effect of Salinity on the Concentration of Sodium in the Xylem. New Phytologist, 105 (3). pp. 359-366. ISSN 0028-646X

Yeo, A R, Yeo, M E and Flowers, T J (1987) The Contribution of an Apoplastic Pathway to Sodium Uptake by Rice Roots in Saline Conditions. Journal of Experimental Botany, 38 (7). pp. 1141-1153. ISSN 0022-0957

Dracup, M, Gibbs, J, Stuiver, C E E, Greenway, H and Flowers, T J (1986) Determination of free space, growth, solute concentrations and parameters of water relations of suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Plant Cell & Environment, 9 (9). pp. 693-701. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, T J, Flowers, S A and Greenway, H (1986) Effects of sodium chloride on tobacco plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 9 (8). pp. 645-651. ISSN 0140-7791

Flowers, T J, Hajibagheri, M A and Clipson, N J W (1986) Halophytes. Quarterly Review of Biology, 61 (3). pp. 313-337. ISSN 0033-5770

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1986) Ion Relations of Plants Under Drought and Salinity. Functional Plant Biology, 13 (1). pp. 75-91. ISSN 1445-4408

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1986) Ion Transport in Suaeda maritima: Its Relation to Growth and Implications for the Pathway of Radial Transport of Ions across the Root. Journal of Experimental Botany, 37 (2). pp. 143-159. ISSN 0022-0957

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1986) Salinity Resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) And a Pyramiding Approach to Breeding Varieties for Saline Soils. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 13 (1). pp. 161-173. ISSN 0310-7841

Hajibagheri, M A, Gilmour, D J, Collins, J C and Flowers, T J (1986) X-Ray Microanalysis and Ultrastructural Studies of Cell Compartments of Dunaliella parva. Journal of Experimental Botany, 37 (11). pp. 1725-1732. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J, Lachno, D R, Flowers, S A and Yeo, A R (1985) Corrigendum. Plant Science, 41 (2). p. 153. ISSN 0168-9452

Hajibagheri, M A, Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1985) Cytometric aspects of the leaves of the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Physiologia Plantarum, 64 (3). pp. 365-370. ISSN 0031-9317

Flowers, T J, Lachno, D R, Flowers, S A and Yeo, A R (1985) Some effects of sodium chloride on cells of rice cultured in vitro. Plant Science, 39 (3). pp. 205-211. ISSN 0168-9452

Flowers, T J, Lachno, D R, Flowers, S A and Yeo, A R (1985) Some effects of sodiumchloride on cells of ricecultured in vitro. Plant Science, 39 (3). pp. 205-211. ISSN 0168-9452

Yeo, A R, Yeo, M E, Caporn, S J M, Lachno, D R and Flowers, T J (1985) The Use of C-14-Ethane Diol as a Quantitative Tracer for the Transpirational Volume Flow of Water and an Investigation of the Effects of Salinity upon Transpiration, Net Sodium Accumulation and Endogenous ABA in Individual Leaves of Oryza-sativa-L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 36 (7). pp. 1099-1109. ISSN 022-0957

Russell, P J, Flowers, T J and Hutchings, M J (1985) Comparison of niche breadths and overlaps of halophytes on salt marshes of differing diversity. Plant Ecology, 61 (1-3). pp. 171-178. ISSN 1385-0237

Hajibagheri, M A, Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1985) Salt tolerance in Suaeda maritima (l.) dum. fine structure and ion concentrations in the apical region of roots. New Phytologist, 99 (3). pp. 331-343. ISSN 0028-646X

Flowers, T J (1985) Physiology of halophytes. Plant and Soil, 89 (1-3). pp. 41-56. ISSN 0032-079X

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1985) The absence of an effect of the na/ca ratio on sodium chloride uptake by rice (Oryza sativa l.). New Phytologist, 99 (1). pp. 81-90. ISSN 0028-646X

Hajibagheri, M A and Flowers, T J (1985) Salt tolerance in the halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. The influence of the salinity of the culture solution on leaf starch and phosphate content. Plant, Cell and Environment, 8 (4). pp. 261-267. ISSN 0140-7791

Clipson, N J W, Tomos, A D, Flowers, T J and Jones, R G Wyn (1985) Salt tolerance in the halophyte Suaeda maritima L. Dum. - The maintenance of turgor pressure and water-potential gradients in plants growing at different salinities. Planta, 165 (3). pp. 392-396. ISSN 0032-0935

Yeo, A R, Yeo, M E, Caporn, S J M, Lachno, D R and Flowers, T J (1985) The Use of 14C-Ethane Diol as a Quantitative Tracer for the Transpirational Volume Flow of Water and an Investigation of the Effects of Salinity upon Transpiration, Net Sodium Accumulation and Endogenous ABA in Individual Leaves of Oryza sativa L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 36 (7). pp. 1099-1109. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J, Duque, E, Hajibagheri, M A, McGonigle, T P and Yeo, A R (1985) The effect of salinity on leaf ultrastructure and net photosynthesis of two varieties of rice: further evidence for a cellular component of salt-resistance. New Phytologist, 100 (1). pp. 37-43. ISSN 0028-646X

Yeo, Anthony R and Flowers, Timothy J (1984) Nonosmotic Effects of Polyethylene Glycols upon Sodium Transport and Sodium-Potassium Selectivity by Rice Roots. Plant Physiology, 75 (2). pp. 298-303. ISSN 0032-0889

Malash, N M A R and Flowers, T J (1984) The effect of phenylmercuric acetate on salt tolerance in wheat. Plant and Soil, 81 (2). pp. 269-279. ISSN 0032-079X

Hajibagheri, M A, Hall, J L and Flowers, T J (1984) Stereological Analysis of Leaf Cells of the Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. Journal of Experimental Botany, 35 (10). pp. 1547-1557. ISSN 0022-0957

Harvey, Diane M R, Flowers, T J and Kent, B (1984) Improvement of quantitation of biological X-ray microanalysis. Journal Of Microscopy, 134 (APR). pp. 93-100. ISSN 0022-2720

Hajibagheri, M A, Harvey, D M R and Flowers, T J (1984) Photosynthetic oxygen evolution in relation to ion contents in the chloroplasts of Suaeda maritima. Plant Science Letters, 34 (3). pp. 353-362. ISSN 0304-4211

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1983) Varietal differences in the toxicity of sodium ions in rice leaves. Physiologia Plantarum, 59 (2). pp. 189-195. ISSN 0031-9317

Hajibagheri, M A, Hall, J L and Flowers, T J (1983) The Structure of the Cuticle in Relation to Cuticular Transpiration in Leaves of the Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum. New Phytologist, 94 (1). pp. 125-131. ISSN 0028-646X

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1982) Accumulation and localisation of sodium ions within the shoots of rice (Oryza sativa) varieties differing in salinity resistance. Physiologia Plantarum, 56 (3). pp. 343-348. ISSN 0031-9317

Kalir, A and Flowers, T J (1982) The effect of salts on malate dehydrogenase from leaves of Zea mays. Phytochemistry, 21 (9). pp. 2189-2193. ISSN 0031-9422

Kalir, A and Flowers, T J (1982) The effect of salts on malate dehydrogenase from leaves of Zea mays. Phytochemistry, 21 (9). pp. 2189-2193. ISSN 0031-9422

Flowers, T J and Yeo, A R (1981) Variability in the resistance of sodium chloride salinity within rice (Oryza sativa l.) varieties. New Phytologist, 88 (2). pp. 363-373. ISSN 0028-646X

Harvey, Diana M R, Hall, J L, Flowers, T J and Kent, B (1981) Quantitative ion localization within Suaeda maritima leaf mesophyll cells. Planta, 151 (6). pp. 555-560. ISSN 0032-0935

Harvey, Diana M R, Hall, J L, Flowers, T J and Kent, B (1981) Quantitative ion localization within Suaeda maritima leaf mesophyll cells. Planta, 151 (6). pp. 555-560. ISSN 0032-0935

Field, C D, Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1980) Rubidium Transport in Membrane Vesicles from the Halophyte Suaeda maritima. Annals Botany, 46 (4). pp. 401-407. ISSN 0305-7364

Harvey, Diana M R, Flowers, T J, Hall, J L and Spurr, A R (1980) The preparation of calibration standards for sodium, potassium and chlorine analyses by analytical electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy, 118 (2). pp. 143-152. ISSN 0022-2720

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1980) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima L. Dum.: Evaluation of the Effect of Salinity upon Growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 31 (123). pp. 1171-1183. ISSN 0022-0957

Harvey, Diana M R, Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1979) Precipitation Procedures For Sodium, Potassium And Chloride Localization In Leaf Cells Of The Halophyte Suaeda Maritima. Journal of Microscopy, 116 (2). pp. 213-226. ISSN 0022-2720

Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1978) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte, Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.: The Influence of the Salinity of the Culture Solution on the Content of Various Organic Compounds. Annals of Botany, 42 (5). pp. 1057-1063. ISSN 0305-7364

Flowers, T J, Hall, J L and Ward, M E (1978) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte, Suaeda maritima (L.) dum.: Properties of Malic Enzyme and PEP carboxylase. Annals of Botany, 42 (5). pp. 1065-1074. ISSN 0305-7364

Harvey, Diana M R and Flowers, T J (1978) Determination of the sodium, potassium and chloride ion concentrations in the chloroplasts of the halophyteSuaeda maritima by non-aqueous cell fractionation. Protoplasma, 97 (4). pp. 337-349. ISSN 0033-183X

Hall, J L, Harvey, Diana M R and Flowers, T J (1978) Evidence for the cytoplasmic localization of betaine in leaf cells of Suaeda maritima. Planta, 140 (1). pp. 59-62. ISSN 0032-0935

Flowers, T J, Troke, P F and Yeo, A R (1977) The Mechanism of Salt Tolerance in Halophytes. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28. pp. 89-121. ISSN 0066-4294

Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1977) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum.: Interaction between Aluminium and Salinity. Annals of Botany, 41 (2). pp. 331-339. ISSN 0305-7364

Harvey, Diana M R, Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1976) Localization of chloride in leaf cells of the halophyte Suaeda maritima by silver precipitation. New Phytologist, 77 (2). pp. 319-323. ISSN 0028-646X

Hall, J L and Flowers, T J (1976) Properties of Membranes from the Halophyte Suaeda maritima I. Cytochemical staining of membranes in relation to the validity of membrane markers. Journal of Experimental Botany, 27 (4). pp. 658-671. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J and Hall, J L (1976) Properties of Membranes from the Halophyte Suaeda maritima: II. DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF ENZYMES IN ISOLATED MEMBRANE FRACTIONS. Journal of Experimental Botany, 27 (4). pp. 673-689. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J, Hall, J L and Ward, Margaret E (1976) Salt tolerance in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Further properties of the enzyme malate dehydrogenase. Phytochemistry, 15 (8). pp. 1231-1234. ISSN 0031-9422

Harvey, Diana M R, Hall, J L and Flowers, T J (1976) The use of freeze-substitution in the preparation of plant tissue for ion localization studies. Journal of Microscopy, 107 (2). pp. 189-198. ISSN 0022-2720

Flowers, T J, Ward, M E and Hall, J L (1976) Salt Tolerance in the Halophyte Suaeda maritima: Some Properties of Malate Dehydrogenase. Philosophical Transactions B: Biological Sciences, 273 (927). pp. 523-540. ISSN 0962-8436

Hall, J L, Yeo, A R and Flowers, T J (1974) Uptake and localisation of rubidium in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie, 71 (3). pp. 200-206. ISSN 0044-328X

Flowers, T J (1974) Salt tolerance in Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum: A comparison of mitochondria isolated from green tissues of Suaeda and Pisum. Journal of Experimental Botany, 25 (1). pp. 101-110. ISSN 0022-0957

Hall, J L and Flowers, T J (1973) The effect of salt on protein synthesis in the halophyte Suaeda maritima. Planta, 110 (4). pp. 361-368. ISSN 0032-0935

Flowers, T J (1972) The effect of sodium chloride on enzyme activities from four halophyte species of chenopodiaceae. Phytochemistry, 11 (6). pp. 1881-1886. ISSN 0031-9422

Flowers, T J (1972) Salt Tolerance in Suaeda maritima (L.) Dum: The effect of sodium chloride on growth, respiration, and soluble enzymes in a comparative study with Pisum sativum L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 23 (75). pp. 310-321. ISSN 0022-0957

Resnik, M E and Flowers, T J (1971) The Effect of Low Osmotic Potential on Phosphate Uptake and Metabolism by Beetroot Discs. Annals Botany, 35 (5). pp. 1179-1189. ISSN 0305-7364

Pinto, C M Dessimoni and Flowers, T J (1970) The Effects of Water Deficits on Slices of Beetroot and Potato Tissue:3. Journal of Experimental Botany, 21 (3). pp. 754-767. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J (1970) The Effects of Water Deficits on Slices of Beetroot and Potato Tissue:3. Journal of Experimental Botany, 21 (3). pp. 768-775. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J and Pinto, C M Dessimoni (1970) The Effects of Water Deficits on Slices of Beetroot and Potato Tissue:3. Journal of Experimental Botany, 21 (3). p. 746. ISSN 0022-0957

Flowers, T J and Hanson, J B (1969) The Effect of Reduced Water Potential on Soybean Mitochondria. Plant Physiology, 44 (7). pp. 939-945. ISSN 0032-0889

Greenway, H, Hiller, R G and Flowers, T (1968) Respiratory Inhibition in Chlorella Produced by "Purified" Polyethylene Glycol 1540. Science, 159 (3818). pp. 984-985. ISSN 0036-8075