The Harvard style of referencing requires you to include the name of the author/s and the year of publication within the text. If you have used a direct quotation, you also need to include the page number/s. If you are summarising a large section of the book, you do not need to include page numbers.

References, whenever possible, should be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation). For example:

Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year of publication in brackets. For example:

If you reference a work written by 2 or 3 authors, all names should be included. For example:

If there are four or more authors, write the first author's name followed by et al. For example:

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter. For example:

If the author's name is unknown you should give the title of the article, book or webpage. For example:

You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read but which has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work. For example:

In the list of references at the end of your work, only include the reference where you read about the original work. You cannot include details about the original study as you have not read it.

The bibliography is the list of all the sources that you have used. They should be arranged in alphabetical order by author's surname. Where there is no author, use the title instead. If your reference has neither author nor title, as is sometimes the case with web page references, use the URL instead.

Sample bibliography

Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March [Online]. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed 8 March 2012).

Caillard, V.(1891) The Songs of Innocence of William Blake set to music. London: Novello, Ewer and Co.

Dunham, R.H. (1976) 'Silas Marner and the Wordsworthian Child', Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 16(4), pp. 645-65, JSTOR [Online]. Available at: www.jstor.org (Accessed: 10 Feb 2012).

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

Moody, J. (2000) Illegitimate theatre in London, 1770-1840. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Shakespeareanimated (2008) BBC Shakespeare animated tales - A Midsummer night's dream - part 2. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr1gk9nwTYY ( Accessed: 12 May 2011).

[Authors] [Year of publication] [Title] [Edition] [Place of publication: publisher]

Habash, R.W.Y. (2002) Electromagnetic fields and radiation: human bioeffects and safety. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Arlidge, A., Parry, J. and Gatt, I. 1996 Arlidge and Parry on fraud. 2nd edn. London: Sweet & Maxwell.

Book with no author
[Title] [Year of publication] [Edition] [Place of publication: publisher]

The American Heritage dictionary of the English language (2000) 4th edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

[Chapter Author] [Year of publication] [Chapter title] [Editors] [Book title] [Place of publication: publisher] [Page numbers]

Franklin, A.W. (2002) 'Management of the problem', in Smith, S.M. (ed.) The maltreatment of children. Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83-95.

[Author] [Year of publication] [Title] [E-book collection] [URL] [AccessDate]

Corrie, M. (2009) A concise companion to Middle English literature. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Accessed: 21 June 2011).

Articles in printed journals
[Author] [Year] [Title] [Journal] [Volume] [Issue] [pages]

Newton, K. (2006) 'May the weak force be with you: The power of mass media in modern politics', European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), pp. 209-234.

Articles in online collections
If you have accessed the journal article using an online source such as JSTOR or SCOPUS, you need to include this in your reference. You also need to include the URL of the collection or the article DOI (Digital object Identifier). For example:

Bakand, S., Hayes, A. and Dechsakulthorn, F. (2012) 'Nanoparticles: A review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure', Inhalation Toxicology, 24(2), pp.125-135. [Online] DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.642021 (Accessed: 14 February 2012).

Dunham, R.H. (1976) 'Silas Marner and the Wordsworthian Child', Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 16(4), pp. 645-65, JSTOR [Online]. Available at: www.jstor.org (Accessed: 10 Feb 2012).

[Author] [Year] [Title] [Place of publication: publisher] Avaliable from:[URL/Web address] ([accessed date])

NASA Spacelink (2004) Chandra X-Ray observatory. Washington: NASA. Available from: http://spacelink.nasa.gov/NASA.Projects/Space.Science/Universe/Chandra.X-Ray.Observatory/ (accessed 13 May 2010).

Film
[Title] [Year of release] [Directors name] [Film] [Place of distribution] [Distribution company]

Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Wells [Film]. USA: Republic Pictures.

Films on DVD
[Title] [Year of release] [Directors name] [Film] [Place of distribution] [Distribution company]

The English patient (1996) Directed by Anthony Minghella [DVD]. USA: Buena Vista Home Video.

Television
[Title] [Year of transition] [Broadcaster] [Date of Broadcast]

The Nuclear Age (2009) ITV Television, 16 June.

Television programmes viewed on the Internet (eg iPlayer or Box of Broadcasts)

'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, Series 1, episode 4, BBC Two Television, 6 March. [Online] Available at: http://bobnational.net/programme.php?archive=70745&view=metadata (Accessed: 15 October 2011).

YouTube
[Name of person posting video][Year video posted][Title of video][Available at: URL][Accessed: date]

Shakespeareanimated (2008) BBC Shakespeare Animated Tales - A Midsummer Night's Dream - Part 2. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr1gk9nwTYY ( Accessed: 12 May 2011).

[Country or State] [Corporate author] [Year of publication] [Title] [Place of publication: publisher]

Great Britain, Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm. 4516).

Articles from print newspapers

[Author] [Year] [Title of article] [Full title of newspaper] [Day and month] [Page number]

Slapper, G. (2005) 'Corporate manslaughter: New issues for lawyers', The Times, 3 Sep, p.4.

Articles from online newspapers

Include the web address (URL) and include 'Online' so that it is clear that you have used the online version. For example:

Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March [Online]. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed 8 March 2012).

[Author] [Year blog site was published or last updated] [Title of message] [Title of blog site] [Day and month of posted message] [Available at: URL] [Accessed: date]

Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June. Available at :http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April 2010).

[Artist] [Year] [Title of work] [Medium] [Institution of collection, city]

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

If seen online, add the name of the online collection and the URL:

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. Artsor [Online]. Available at: http://www.artstor.org (Accessed 14 May 2011).

[Author] [Year] [Title of Tweet] [Twitter] [Date of post] [Available at: URL] [Accessed: date]

National Academies @NASciences (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com (Accessed: 10 March 2012 4:10pm).