Page numbers:

The Harvard style of referencing requires you to include the name of the author(s) and the year of publication within the text.

Direct quotations/pharaphrased sentences

If you have used a direct quotation or paraphrase a short section of text, you also need to include the page number(s).

Summarising a large poportion of a text

If you are summarising a large section of the book you do not need to include page numbers. Additionally, you do not need to pinpoint the specific minute(s) if you are citing a film. However, if it helps your argument to have a sense of when a certain event or scene takes place in the film, do include this information earlier on in the sentence of your in-text citation.

Placement of references for in-text citations

References, whenever possible, should be placed at the end of a sentence (before the concluding punctuation).

Example:

...as one writer put it 'the darkest days were still ahead' (Weston, 1988, p. 45).

Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed immediately by the year of publication in brackets.

Example:

Scholtz (1990, p. 564) has argued that...  

Works with more than one author

The number of authors there are for any given piece of work determines how the authors' names are formatted for in-text citations. The following rules apply:

• 1-3 authors: list all author names in every citation, for example:

Goddard and Barrett (2007) suggested...

• 4+ authors: list the first author's name followed by et al. in italics, for example:

...as the report suggested (Edwards et al., 2004).  

More than one reference by an author in the same year

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter.

Example:

...outlined by Smith (2009a, p. 45) and developed further in his report (2009b, p. 23).

Unknown Author(s)

If the author's name is unknown, you should list the title of the article, book or webpage in italics.

Example:

...the worst election loss in the party's history (The Age, 1968, p. 2).

Referring to works quoted within other works

You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work. Use the format: Author's Surname, year, cited in Author's Surname, year, p. X.

Example:

There was further evidence to support researchers' views on genetic abnormalities in crops (White, 2001, cited in Murray, 2007, p. 82).

If you are citing an author whose work you haven’t read directly, but is referenced in a chapter of an edited book, where the chapter authors are different to the book’s authors, the format is the same as the example above. For your reference list, see the chapters/sections in an edited book section.

 *Note: only include references where you read the original work, in the list of references at the end of your work; you cannot include details about original studies if you have not read them.

The bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have used. The following rules should be followed when putting together your Harvard bibliography:

• references are arranged in alphabetical order by author's surname

• where there is no author or author is unknown, the title of the resource is used instead

• only the first letter of the first word of a title is capitalised; second and subsequent words' first letters are not capitalised

• titles of books are in italics

• only include edition numbers if the edition is not the first or revised edition

Sample bibliography

Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com (Accessed: 10 March 2012).

Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April 2010). 

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books, pp. 83-95. 

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) Book title. Place of publication: publisher, pp.

Example

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. London: Collins Books, pp. 83-95.

Walsh, A.W. (2012) The treatment of children. Translated by David Matthews. London: collins books, pp. 83-95.

In Western naming culture, generally a person's surname is often listed as the last name, e.g. John Smith. However, in Asian culture, a person's surname is generally listed first, i.e. Smith John. This applies to Chinese, Malay, and Indian naming conventions.

Therefore referencing format should be as follows:

In-text citations

The book The security environment in the Asia-Pacific by Cheng Tun-jen would be formatted in-text as:

...as one writer noted the darkest days were still ahead. (Cheng, 2000, p. 45).

Bibliography

The book The security environment in the Asia-Pacific by Cheng Tun-jen would be formated in bibliography:

Cheng, T.-jen., 2000. The security environment in the Asia-Pacific, Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe.

Exceptions

Some Asian naming conventions only include a first name, and not a surname; in those cases use the first name provided in place of the surname.

Smith, C. (2006) 'Feminism in Jane Eyre', in Brennan, Z. Brontë's Jane Eyre a reader's guide. London: Continuum International Pub. Group. pp. 12-16.

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) eBook title. E-book collection [Online]. Available at: URL (Downloaded: date month year).  

Example:

Corrie, M. (2009) A concise companion to Middle English literature. NetLibrary [Online]. Available at: http://www.netlibrary.com (Downloaded: 21 June 2011).

e-book reader

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) eBook title. Downloaded Website Name [eBook reader]. Available at: URL (Downloaded: date month year).  

Example:

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhikker's guide to the galaxy. Ebooks.com [e-book reader]. Available at: http://www.ebooks.com/ebooks/book_display.asp?IID=161294 (Downloaded: 29 January 2010).

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal,* Volume (Issue), pp.

Example:

Newton, K. (2006) 'May the weak force be with you: The power of mass media in modern politics', European Journal of Political Research, 45(2), pp. 209-234.

*capitalise the first letter of each word except for conjunctions

 

eJournals/journal articles accessed via a database

If you have accessed the journal article using an online database such as JSTOR, you need to provide sufficient information in your reference for your reader to easily locate the information source. You are no longer required to use elements such as [Online] or the name of the database, but if the article is available online only, then you will need to include Available at: URL or doi in your reference. See below for examples.

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Title of journal,* Volume (Issue), pp. Available at: url or doi: (Accessed: day month year).

Examples:

Bakand, S., Hayes, A. and Dechsakulthorn, F. (2012) 'Nanoparticles: A review of particle toxicology following inhalation exposure', Inhalation Toxicology, 24(2), pp. 125-135. DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.642021 (Accessed: 14 February 2012).

Dunham, R.H. (1976) 'Silas Marner and the wordsworthian child', Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 16(4), pp. 645-665. Available at: www.jstor.org (Accessed: 10 Feb 2012).

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page. Available at: URL (Accessed: date Month year).

Example:

Woodward, E. (2017) Deliciously Ella. Available at: https://deliciouslyella.com/ (Accessed: 20 March 2017).

In-text citations: Do not include the website's URL in your in-text citation, unless this is the only piece of information you have. Use the author, date format.

Film

Citation order and format

Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [Film.] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Example:

Macbeth (1948) Directed by Orson Wells [Film]. USA: Republic Pictures.

Films on DVD

Citation order and format

Title (Year of release) Directed by Director's Forename Surname [DVD or Blue-ray]. reissued date (if applicable) Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Example:

The English patient (1996) Directed by Anthony Minghella [DVD]. USA: Buena Vista Home Video.

Television

Citation order and format

Title of programme (Year of broadcast) Name of channel, Date of Broadcast - day month.

Example:

The Nuclear Age (2009) ITV Television, 16 June.

iPlayers or Broadcast box

Citation order and format

'Title of episode' (Year of transmission) Title of series, Series X, episode X, Channel, Date of broadcast. Available at: url (Accessed: date month year)

Example:

'Time & Entropy' (2011) Wonders of the Universe - Destiny, Series 1, episode 4, BBC Two Television, 6 March. Available at: http://bobnational.net/programme.php?archive=70745&view=metadata (Accessed 15 October 2011).

YouTube

Citation order and format

Name of person posting video (Year video posted) Title of video.Available at: url (Accessed: date month year)

Example:

Shakespeareanimated (2008) BBC Shakespeare Animated Tales - A Midsummer Night's Dream - Part 2. Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zr1gk9nwTYY (Accessed: 12 May 2011).

British Telecom (2008) Office relocation gremlins [Advertisement on ITV1 Television]. 23 June.

The Guardian (2007) 'WOMAD festival' [Advertisement]. 14 April, p. 12.

Lloyds TSB Bank plc (2008) Selling your house? [Advertisement]. Available at: http://www.hotmail.com (Accessed: 13 February 2010).

Lord Chancellor's Department (1999) Government policy on archives. London: The Stationery Office. (Cm. 4516).

Articles from print newspapers

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of newspaper*, (Edition, - if required) day month p. X.

Example:

Old, D. (2008) 'House price gloom', Evening Chronicle (Newcastle edn), 26 June, p. 25.

* capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except conjunctions

Articles from online newspapers

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year of publication) ‘Title of article’, Full title of newspaper*, Available at: url (Accessed: date month year).

Example:

Brown, M. (2012) 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', The Guardian, 8 March. Available at: www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2012/mar/08/gilbert-and-george-white-cube-exhibition (Accessed: 8 March 2012).

* capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except conjunctions

Unknown author for a newspaper article

Citation order and format

Full title of newspaper, (Year of publication), ‘Title of article’, day month, p. X

* capitalise the first letter of each word in the title except conjunctions

Example:

The Guardian, (2012), 'Read all about it: how Gilbert & George stole the headlines and made art', 8 March, p. 12.

Citation order and format

Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of item’ module code: module title. Available at: URL or VLE (Accessed: date month year).

Example:

Smith, I. (2017) 'Week 1: assignment prep.' PSY1001:Psychological Development of Children. Available at: http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed: 10 February 2017).

Citation order and format

Author or tutor - Surname, initials. (Year) ‘Title of presentation’ [Powerpoint] module code: module title. Available at: URL or VLE (Accessed: date month year).

Example:

Smith, I. (2017) 'Piaget's theory of cognitive learning' [PowerPoint] PSY1001:Psychological Development of Children. Available at: http://psy1001.studydirect.sussex.ac.uk (Accessed 10 February 2017).

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, initials. (Year blog site was published or last updated) ‘Title of post’, Title of blog site, Day and month of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).

Example:

Robinson, N. (2008) 'Cameron Direct', Nick Robinson's newslog, 4 June. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/nickrobinson/ (Accessed: 11 April 2010).

Citation order and format

Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of collection, city.

Example:

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco.

 

If accessed online

Artist - Surname, initials. (Year) Title of work [Medium]. Institution of collection, city. Available at: (Accessed: day month year).

Example:

Kahlo, F. (1931) Frieda and Diego Rivera [Oil on canvas]. Available at: http://www.artstor.org (Accessed 14 May 2011).

Citation order and format

Author - Surname, Initials. (Year) ‘Title of tweet’ Twitter, Date of post. Available at: URL (Accessed: date month year).

Example:

National Academies (2012) 'How well equipped are we to manage the effects of the solarstorm?' Twitter, 8 March. Available at: http://twitter.com (Accessed: 10 March 2012).