The APA style of referencing requires you to follow the author-date method of in-text citation.

Example:

Research into CBT (Kirwan, 2013) found that...

Use of &/and

Use 'and' if referring to more than one author in the text, but '&' if citing them within rounded brackets.

Example:

Brackbill, Stellman, Perlman, Walker and Farfel (2013)...

New research (Peterson, Slaughter, Moore & Wellman, 2016) has found...

Direct Quotations

If you have used a direct quotation, you also need to include the page number(s). You only need to use the author's forename initials if there is more than one author of the same name.

Example:

"quality adult support works in practice to create the conditions for children to flourish" (Hooper, 2012, p. 22)...

Works with more than one author

The number of authors there are for any given piece of work determines how the authors' names are formatted for in-text citations. The following rules apply:

• 1-2 authors: list both authors in every citation, for example:

Kirwan, N. and Power, C. (2013)...

• 2-5 authors: list all authors in the first citation, for example:

Brackbill, Stellman, Perlman, Walker and Farfel (2013)...

For every subsequent citation, use the name of the first author followed by et al. For example:

Brackbill et al., 2013...

• 6+ authors: If there are six or more authors, use the name of the first author that's listed followed by et al. for the in-text citation. Note that et al. is not italicized. For example:

underlying mechanisms (Reis et al., 2010)...

More than one reference by an author in the same year

If there is more than one reference by an author in the same year they are generally labelled in order of publication with a lower case letter.

Example:

...outlined by Smith (2009a, p.45) and developed further in his report (2009b, p.23)

Unknown Author(s)

If the author's name is unknown, you should give the title of the article, book or webpage.

Example:

...(British Psychological Association, 2012)

Referring to works quoted within other works

You may want to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which has been summarised or discussed in somebody else's work. Use: [author's surname], [year], cited in [author's surname], [year], [p. X]

Example:

...(Jones, 2014, cited in Roberts, 2015, p. 17)...

*Note: only include references where you read the original work in the list of references at the end of your work; you cannot include details about original studies if you have not read them.

The bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have used.

Follow these rules when creating your bibliography:

• arrange references in alphabetical order by author's surname.

• apply an indent measuring a half an inch (known as a "hanging indent") to the second and subsequent lines of a listed reference, but never the first line. Please be aware that this instruction has not been reflected in the examples in this section, as this website does not allow for it.

• use the reference title instead where there is no author or author is unknown.

• use the URL instead for references with neither author nor title - such as web page references.

Follow these conventions:

• place year of publication in round brackets followed by a full stop.

• italicise titles of sources and volume numbers of journal articles, but not issue or page numbers.

• do not enclose titles of articles within journals, or chapters within books, in quotation marks.

• capitalise book titles, the first letter of the first word of a subtitle, and any proper nouns.

• capitalise each major word of a journal title.

• give the place of publication, followed by the publisher. If it is an American city, give the city name followed by the two-digit abbreviation of the state. If it is a non-US city, give the city name followed by the country name.

• list page numbers for book chapters immediately after the title of the book in round brackets and before publication details.

• indicate internet sources by Retrieved from URL, or doi. Note that APA style does not include a retrieval date for online sources.

• APA also states that it is not necessary to include the name of the database when referencing online journals or ebook collections.

• APA referencing style discourages the use of footnotes. However, you can use them to add additional information by using a superscript number for the footnote.

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. (ed.) Retrieved from: URL or doi

Example:

Lindesmith, A.R., Strauss, A.L. & Denzin, N.K. (1999). Social psychology. (8th ed.) Retrieved from: http://suss.eblib.com/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=1195922

Printed journals

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue), page numbers

Example:

Chen, Z., Mo, L. & Honomichl, R. (2004). Having the memory of an elephant: Long-term retrieval and the use of analogues in problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 133(3), 415-433.

eJournals

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue), page numbers. Retrieved from URL or doi:

Example:

Knettel, B.A. (2016). Exploring diverse mental illness attributions in a multinational sample: A mixed-methods survey of scholars in international psychology. International Perspectives in Psychology: Research, Practice, Consultation, 5(2), 128-140. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ipp0000048

Citation order and format

Author Surname, Initial. (Year the site was published/last updated). Title of internet site. DOI: or Retrieved from: url

Example:

British Psychological Society (2012). How can psychology help you. Retrieved from: http://www.bps.org.uk/psychology-public/how-can-psychology-help-you/how-can-psychology-help-you

Note: For web pages where no author can be identified, you should use the web page title. If there is no title either, use the URL.