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Publication Type	J
Authors	Schutz, W
Author Full Name	Schutz, W
Title	Seed dormancy cycles and germination phenologies in sedges (Carex) from various habitats
Source	WETLANDS
Language	English
Document Type	Article
Author Keywords	Carex; dormancy; germination; dormancy cycles; seedling emergence
Keywords Plus	TALL GRASSLAND COMMUNITY; BURIED SEEDS; ECOLOGY; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; TEMPERATURE; SOIL; PERENNIALS; RESPONSES; LIGHT; FLORA
Abstract	Seeds (nutlets) of four temperate-zone perennial Carer species from various habitats and with different growth forms were investigated to identify seasonal germination patterns. In the first experiment, freshly matured seeds were sown in summer 1994 on the soil surface and at a depth of 1 cm at a sun-exposed site and under a leaf canopy in an experimental garden. In the second experiment, seeds were exhumed after various periods of burial (7-cm depth) for up to 30 months and tested for germination in bath light and darkness at 15 degrees, 25 degrees, and 22/10 degrees C. In the first experiment, freshly-matured seeds of the four sedges did not germinate during summer or autumn 1994. Almost all surface-sown seeds of the four species germinated from late spring to summer in 1995 at the sun-exposed site. Most buried seeds of three species germinated in the soil, but germinants died prior to emergence. In Carex flacca, however, about 50% of the buried seeds germinated and emerged until 1997, and the ungerminated seeds remained viable. At the shaded site, seeds of C acutiformis. and C. flacca did not germinate, whereas a small percentage of the buried and surface-sown seeds of C. arenaria and C. extensa emerged in the second year. Seeds of C. acutiformis and C. flacca were dormant, and those of C. arenaria and C. extensa were conditionally dormant at the beginning of the second experiment. All four species had annual dormancy cycles at 22/10 degrees C in light and in darkness and at 25 degrees and 15 degrees in light. Seeds came out of dormancy in late autumn or winter and re-entered dormancy or conditional dormancy in late spring or early summer. Very few seeds of any of the four species germinated at constant temperatures in darkness. No seeds germinated during burial in soil at a depth of 7 cm. These field germination patterns indicate that the four sedges have the potential to form a persistent seed bank but that losses due to germination in the seed bank are dependent on temperature amplitudes, mean temperatures, and red:far red ratios under a leaf canopy.
Author Address	Univ Kiel, Inst Wasserwirtschaft & Landschaftsokol, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
Reprint Address	Schutz, W (reprint author), Univ Kiel, Inst Wasserwirtschaft & Landschaftsokol, Olshausenstr 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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Cited Reference Count	47
Times Cited	19
Total Times Cited Count (WoS, BCI, and CSCD)	20
Publisher	SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS
Publisher City	LAWRENCE
Publisher Address	810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA
ISSN	0277-5212
29-Character Source Abbreviation	WETLANDS
ISO Source Abbreviation	Wetlands
Publication Date	JUN
Year Published	1998
Volume	18
Issue	2
Beginning Page	288
Ending Page	297
Page Count	10
Web of Science Category	Ecology; Environmental Sciences
Subject Category	Environmental Sciences & Ecology
Document Delivery Number	ZV104
Unique Article Identifier	WOS:000074269500012
Plants associated with this reference	Carex extensa