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| Publication Type | J |
| Authors | Gonzalez-Alcaraz, M. N., B. Aranega, H. M. Conesa, M. J. Delgado and J. Alvarez-Rogel |
| Title | Contribution of soil properties to the assessment of a seawater irrigation programme as a management strategy for abandoned solar saltworks |
| Source | Catena |
| Author Keywords | Ecosystem restoration Redoximorphic features Salt marsh Wetlands Halophytes SALT-MARSH SOUTHEASTERN SPAIN PLANT-DISTRIBUTION COASTAL AQUIFER CONSERVATION RESTORATION VEGETATION SALINITY MODEL IDENTIFICATION |
| Abstract | The installation of desalination plants close to ecosystems of interest may have environmental impacts that make corrective measures necessary. Especially, wetlands (which are water-dependent ecosystems) are prone to degradation. This is the case for the Agua Amarga salt marsh (SE Spain), that includes an abandoned solar saltworks and surrounding, topographically higher zones, in which the groundwater withdrawal to supply two desalination plants has led to a drop of the piezometric levels and the desiccation of the ecosystem. To overcome these problems, a programme to irrigate the marsh with seawater was established. This paper reports some soil characteristics of the marsh in relation to the different types of vegetation/environment identified and the seawater irrigation programme, with the objective being to propose some guidelines to improve the management of the site. Surface and subsurface samples were taken from 63 plots and the depth of the water level and the soil redox potential (Eh), moisture, electrical conductivity (EC), CaCO3, organic carbon, nitrogen and bulk density were determined. Also, the soil texture, structure, consistence, accumulation of salt crystals and redoximorphic features - indicative of reduction-oxidation processes - were described. The poor structure (weak, granular, subangular and angular blocks, very fine and fine) showed that the soils were hardly developed. The periphery (mainly colonised by Suaeda vera, Lygeum spartum and Limonium spp.) was less saline (EC 1:5 in the upper layers similar to 0.4 to similar to 4 dS m(-1)) and drier (water level > -1.5 m depth) than the abandoned saline ponds (EC 1:5 in the upper layers similar to 2 to similar to 9 dS m(-1) and water level between -1 m depth and +0.2 m above the soil surface), mainly colonised by Sarcocornia fruticosa, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum, Salicornia patula, Phragmites australis and Ruppia maritima in the flooded ponds. The soils of the periphery were always oxic (Eh > + 500 mV), but most of the abandoned saline ponds had suboxic (similar to + 100 mV < Eh < similar to +350 mV) and even anoxic conditions (Eh < similar to +100 mV), as shown by the existence of gley colours and redoximorphic features. The soil bulk density of the surface and subsurface layers showed that the most impermeable ponds were located in the centre of the marsh, where it is possible to maintain a surface water sheet during prolonged periods, suitable for the development of submerged plant species such as R. maritima and for waterbirds. Part of the seawater poured into more permeable ponds, such as those located in the southern and northern zones of the marsh, is lost by infiltration due to the lower bulk density of these soils. The latter facilitates the recovery of the piezometric levels and the growth of terrestrial plant species. Monitoring of redoximorphic features in the upper soil layers, in combination with symptoms of damage in the plants, could be used as a visual indicator of oxygen limitation due to excessive soil moisture. This would permit the regulation of the irrigation programme, hence optimising the energy and economic resources applied to maintain the ecosystem. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. |
| Author Address | [Gonzalez-Alcaraz, M. N.; Aranega, B.; Conesa, H. M.; Alvarez-Rogel, J.] Univ Politecn Cartagena, ETS Ingn Agron, Area Edafol & Quim Agr, Dept Ciencia & Tecnol Agr, Murcia 30203, Spain. [Delgado, M. J.] Univ Murcia, Fac Quim, Dept Quim Agr Geol & Edafol, Murcia 3100, Spain. Gonzalez-Alcaraz, MN (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Ecol Sci, Boelelaan 1085, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.n.gonzalezalcaraz@vu.nl |
| ISSN | 0341-8162 |
| ISBN | 0341-8162 |
| 29-Character Source Abbreviation | Catena |
| Publication Date | Mar |
| Year Published | 2015 |
| Volume | 126 |
| Beginning Page | 189-200 |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | 10.1016/j.catena.2014.11.012 |
| Unique Article Identifier | WOS:000348956700022 |
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