Biography

Louise Morley AcSS is a Professor of Education and Director of the Centre for Higher Education and Equity Research (CHEER) (www.sussex.ac.uk/education/cheer) at the University of Sussex, UK. Her previous posts were at the Institute of Education, University of London, the University of Reading and the Inner London Education Authority.

She is an Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences and a Fellow of the Society for Research into Higher Education.

Louise has an international profile in the field of sociology of higher education studies. She has given keynote presentations, undertaken research and consultancy and has been a visiting academic in a range of countries including Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Holland, India, Italy, Korea, Lesotho, Mexico, Moldova, Nigeria, Norway, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, and the USA .

Her research and publication interests focus on international higher education policy, gender, equity, micropolitics, quality, and power. She is currently directing an ESRC/DFID funded research project on Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania (www.sussex.ac.uk/education/wideningparticipation). She directed a DFID/ Carnegie funded research project on Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education (www.ioe.ac.uk/efps/GenderEqComHE). In the UK, she has conducted policy research for HEFCE on establishing the needs of employers for information about the quality and standards of higher education provision (http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2006/06_45/).

Her publications include Gender Equity in Selected Commonwealth Universities Research Report No. 65, DFID (2006); Quality and Power in Higher Education  (2003) Open University Press; Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of The Academy (1999), Macmillan.

She is on the editorial boards for 'Studies in Higher Education', ' Gender and Education', 'Teaching in Higher Education', and on the International Advisory Boards for 'Education, Citizenship and Social Justice' and 'Studies in Research: Training, Evaluation and Impact'.

She is also a member of the Society for Research on Higher Education's Research and Development Committee and the external examiner for the DBA in Higher Education Management at the University of Bath and the MA in Academic Practice at King's College, London.

Role

Professor of Education

Director of the Centre for Higher Education and Equity Research (CHEER)

Research

Louise Morley's research and publication interests focus on quality, equity, gender, power and policy in higher education.

Recent Funded Research Projects Include:

• 2006-2009 Principal Investigator- Widening Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Developing an Equity Scorecard - ESRC/DFID Poverty Reduction Programme(www.sussex.ac.uk/education/widening participation/).
• 2006 Principal Investigator - Establishing the needs of employers and related organisations for information about the quality and standards of higher education provision - HEFCE
  ( http://www.hefce.ac.uk/pubs/hefce/2006/06_45/)

• 2003- 2005 Principal Investigator - Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education -- an evaluation of interventions to promote gender equity in higher education in Uganda and Tanzania -Carnegie Corporation of New York.
• 2003- 2005 Principal Investigator - Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education - an evaluation of interventions to promote gender equity in higher education in Nigeria, Sri Lanka, and South Africa- DfID (www.ioe.ac.uk/efps/GenderEqComHE).
• 2004 Assistant Project Director (Professor Rosemary Deem, University of Bristol is the Director) Equal Opportunities in Higher Education Case Study research. HEFCE.
• 2002 - 2004 New Deal for Communities - Education Theme Team (with Professor David Gillborn)- responsible for evaluating strategies to enhance participation in higher education. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister
• 2002 -2003 International Students in UK Universities- a literature search (with Professor Diana Leonard) - UKCOSA

Keynote Presentations 

• Imagining Universities of the Future, UNIQUAL International Conference, University of Trondheim, Norway, June, 2009.
• Momentum and Melancholia: Gender Equity in Higher Education, European Conference on Gender and Academic Change, University of Goettingen, Germany, February, 2009. 
• Gender and the Changing Face of Higher Education: A Feminized Future, SRHE Policy Network Seminar, London Metropolitan University, February, 2009.
• Momentum and Melancholia: Gender Equity in Higher Education,  Learning Communities Forum Seminar, Glasgow Caledonian University, February, 2009.
• The Micropolitics of Gender Mainstreaming in Higher Education, Hanken School of Economics Gender Research Group, Helsinki, Finland, November, 2008.
• Celebrations and Challenges for Gender Equality in Higher Education, The Finnish Association of Women Researchers, Helsinki University, Finland, November, 2008.
• Celebrations and Challenges for Gender Equality in Higher Education, Gender Research Group, Tampere University, Finland, November, 2008. 
• An Academic Life: The Next Ten Years, Society for Educational Studies Annual Seminar, London, November, 2008.  
• Conceptualising and Critiquing Gender Mainstreaming Discourses, Gender and International Education Research Seminar, University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Educational Policy Studies, USA, September, 2008.
• Gender Equity in Higher Education: Challenges and Celebrations, Seminar on the Gender Order of Knowledge, University of Vaxjo, Sweden, April, 2008. 
• Gender and Higher Education at the Higher Education: The Power Station for the Education System Conference, National Chi Nan University, Taiwan, March 2008.
• Gender and Higher Education, Educational Research Forum, National University of Tainan, Taiwan, March, 2008. 
• The X Factor: Equity, Elitism and Graduate Employability', University of Sussex Partner Network Day, March, 2008.
• Quality and Power in Higher Education, King's College Institute of Learning and Teaching, Excellence in Teaching Conference, July, 2007. 
• Employers, Quality and Standards in Higher Education: Shared Values and Vocabularies or Elitism and Inequalities? Oxford Learning Institute, University of Oxford, May 2007. 
• The Micropolitics of Gender in Higher Education, The Association of Commonwealth Universities Through The Glass Ceiling Conference, London, May, 2007 
• Employers, Quality and Standards in Higher Education: Shared Values and Vocabularies or Elitism and Inequalities? Guest Lecture at the Centre for Higher Education Studies, Institute of Education, University of London, January 2007.
• The Micropolitics of Gender Mainstreaming at the EU Conference 'Rencontre Européenne L'accès Des Femmes Aux Carrières Scientifiques : Où En Sommes-Nous ?', Université de Paris 7 Diderot, France, December 2006.
• Researching Equity in Higher Education at the launch of the SRHE Policy Network on Higher Education Policy and Social Justice, London Metropolitan University, October, 2006.
• Employers' Responses to The Burgess Committee Recommendations on Changes to Degree Classifications, University of Edinburgh, October, 2006.
• Employers and Quality at the Quality Strategy Network (QSN) Annual Conference, Nottingham, September, 2006.
• Quality and Power in Higher Education at the European Union Conference on Higher Education and Employment, Jagellonian University, Krakow, Poland, September, 2006.
• Gender Mainstreaming in Higher Education, Guest lecture at the University of Bristol Higher Education Research Network, May, 2006.
• The Micropolitics of Gender Mainstreaming at the Women's Executive Development (WEX-DEV) Conference on Prospects for Gender Equity in Universities, Adelaide, Australia, April 2006.
• Women in Higher Education at the University of Bergen Feminist Conference, Norway, March, 2006.
• Gender Mainstreaming at the AHD Conference (German Higher Education Association), University of Dortmund, Germany, March, 2006.
• Quality and Power in Higher Education. Annual Lecture to the Middlesex University Business School, February, 2006
• Negotiating Equity in HEIs, ESRC Seminar on Equalities in Education, University of Cardiff, November, 2005.
• Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education, Canadian Association of Graduate Studies, Toronto, Canada, November, 2005.
• Negotiating Equity in UK Universities (with Rosemary Deem). HEFCE Conference on Equity in Higher Education, London, April, 2005.
• Quality and Equality in Higher Education, SRHE Conference, University of Bristol, December, 2004.
• Gender and Access in Commonwealth Higher Education at invitational seminar co-ordinated by Professor Walter Allen, UCLA 'Diversity in Higher and Tertiary Education: Towards an International Collaborative Research Agenda' Kunming, China, November, 2004
• Gender Equity in Higher Education at the Senior Women Academic Administrators of Canada (SWAAC) Conference, Montreal, Canada, April, 2004
• Gender in Commonwealth Higher Education at the DFES Research Conference 'Learning by Comparison: International Experiences in Education and Training'. London, December, 2003.
• Gender Equality in African Higher Education, at the Carnegie Corporation of New York seminar on Gender Equality, University of Accra, Ghana, July 2003.
• Gender Equality in Commonwealth Higher Education, The European Network on Women and Higher Education Conference, Brussels, June 2003
• Quality and Equality in Higher Education, Women in Higher Education Conference, University of Coventry, November, 2002
• Women in Higher Education, The European Network on Women and Higher Education Conference, University of Munster, Germany, October, 2002.
• Gendered Change in Commonwealth higher education, 8^th International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women, Makerere University, Uganda, July, 2002.
• Quality in UK Higher Education, Institute for Public Policy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, December, 2001.
• Recent Research on Women in Higher Education, Universities UK ATHENA Conference, September 2001.
• Quality Assurance in Higher Education, NATFHE Conference on Educational Policy, London, July 2001.
• Gender and Quality Assurance, The Association of University Teachers, Women's Annual Meeting, March 2001.
• Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of the Academy, International Interdisciplinary Congress on Women, University of Tromso, Norway, June 1999.
• Gender and Organisations at the British Council International Seminar on Gender and Higher Educational Management, Sussex, March 1998.
• Empowerment at the ESRC International Seminar on Empowerment, London School of Economics, February 1998.
• Teacher Empowerment, NCERT Conference, New Delhi, India, July 1997.

Teaching

Louise Morley currently supervises and teaches on the Home and International EdD programmes and the MA in International Education.

During her career, she has supervised doctoral students on a range of topics, including:

• Feminist research in Sri Lanka
• Students\' Engagements with E-Learning in Higher Education
• Strategic Planning for Enhancing Participation in Higher Education
• Creativity as a Concept and Practice in Higher Education
• Can the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education be Assured?
• Universities and their Communities: A Case Study of a Brazilian University
• The Knowledge Economy in Mexican Higher Education
• Higher Education Reform in Brazil
• The Impact of Subject Review on Academics\' Professional Development
• Why do a Professional Doctorate? Motivations and Experiences of Mid- Career Professionals
• The Impact of the RAE on Academics

Publications

Books

• Morley, L. et al (2007) Gender Equity in Selected Commonwealth Universities. Publication No. 65 in the Department of International Development Researching the Issues Series. London, DFID.
• Morley, L., Sorhaindo, A., and Burke, P. (2005) Researching Women: An Annotated Bibliography on Gender Equity in Commonwealth Universities. London: Institute of Education Bedford Way Papers.
• Morley, L., (2004) Theorising Quality in Higher Education. London: Institute of Education Bedford Way Papers.
• Morley, L. (2003) Quality and Power in Higher Education. Buckingham: Open University Press
• Morley, L. (1999) Organising Feminisms: The Micropolitics of the Academy, London: Macmillan.
• Morley, L. and Rassool, N. (1999) School Effectiveness: Fracturing the Discourse London: The Falmer Press.
• Morley, L. and Walsh, V. (Eds.) (1996) Breaking Boundaries: Women in Higher Education. London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. and Walsh, V. (Eds.) (1995) Feminist Academics: Creative Agents for Change. London: Taylor and Francis.

Articles in Academic Journals

•  Morley, L., and Lussier, K., (2009). "Intersecting Poverty and Participation in Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania." In press, International Studies in Sociology of Education.
• Morley, L., Leach, F., and Lugg, R., (2009). "Democratising Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Opportunity Structures and Social Inequalities." International Journal of Educational Development 29: 56-64.
• Morley, L., and Lugg, R., (2009). "Mapping Meritocracy: Intersecting Gender, Poverty and Higher Educational Opportunity Structures." Higher Education Policy 22(1): 37-60.
• Morley, L., and Lugg, R., (2008). "Democratising Higher Education in Ghana and Tanzania: Opportunity Structures and Social Processes." Journal of the World Universities Forum 1.
• Morley, L., and Lugg, R., (2008). "Gender Equity in African Higher Education." International Studies in Education 9: 11-16.
• Morley, L. (2007). "Sister-matic: Gender Mainstreaming in Higher Education." Teaching in Higher Education- Special Issue on Diversity. 12(5/6): 607-620.
• Morley, L. (2007). "TheThe X factor: Employability, Elitism and Equity in Graduate Recruitment." 21st Century Society: Journal of the Academy of Social Sciences 2(2): 191-207. 
• Morley, L., and Aynsley, S. (2007). Employers, Quality and Standards in Higher Education: Shared Values and Vocabularies or Elitism and Inequalities? Higher Education Quarterly. 61 (3): 229-249.
• Morley, L. (2006). Hidden Transcripts: The Micropolitics of Gender in Commonwealth Universities. Women's Studies International Forum 29(6): 543-551.
• Deem, R., and Morley, L. (2006). "Diversity in the Academy? Staff Perceptionsof Equality Policies in Six Contemporary Higher Education Institutions,." Policy Futures In Education 4(2): 185-202.
• Morley, L. (2005). "The Micropolitics of Quality." Critical Quarterly 47(1-2):83-95
• Morley, L. (2005). "Opportunity or Exploitation: Women and Quality Assurance in Higher Education." Gender and Education 17(4): 311-329.
• Morley, L. (2005). "Sounds, Silences and Contradictions: Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education - Clare Burton Memorial Lecture 2003." Australian Feminist Studies 20(46): 109-119.
• Morley, L. (2005). Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education. Women's Studies International Forum 28: 209-221.
• Morley, L. (2004). Interrogating Doctoral Assessment. International Journal of Educational Research 41: 91-97.
• Unterhalter, E., Morley, L and Gold, A. (2004) Gender Equity, Feminism and the Analysis of Commonwealth Higher Education. McGill Journal of Education 38 (3): 363-369.
• Morley, L., Leonard, D., and David, M. (2003). "Quality and Equality in British Ph.D. Assessment." Quality Assurance in Education 11(2): 64-72.N.B. This article won the 2004 Literati Award for Excellence
• Morley, L., Leonard, D., David, M., (2002). "Variations in Vivas: Quality and Equality in British Ph.D. Assessments." Studies in Higher Education 27(3): 263-273.
• Morley, L. (2002). "A micropolitica dos estudos de genero: feminismo e mudanca organizacional no mundo academico." Emancipao 2(1): 57-73.
• Gold, A., Unterhalter, E., and Morley, L. (2002). "Managing Gendered Change in Commonwealth Higher Education." Vistas: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences: The Open University of Sri Lanka 1(1): 55-71.
• Morley, L. (2001). "Subjected to Review: Engendering Quality in Higher Education." Journal of Education Policy 16(5): 465-478.
• Morley, L. (2001). Producing New Workers: Quality, Equality and Employability in Higher Education." Quality in Higher Education 7(2): 131-138.
• Morley, L. (2000). The Micropolitics of Gender in the Learning Society. Higher Education in Europe. Vol. XXV No. 2, 229-235.
• Morley, L. and Rassool, N. (2000) School Effectiveness: New Managerialism, Quality and the Japanisation of Education. Journal of Education Policy. Vol. 15, No. 2, 169-183.
• Rassool, N., and Morley, L. (2000). School Effectiveness and the Displacement of Equity Discourses in Education. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 3(3), 237-258.
• Morley, L. (1998) All You Need is Love: Feminist Pedagogy for Empowerment and Emotional Labour in the Academy. International Journal of Inclusive Education, Vol. 2, No 1, 15-27.
• Morley, L. (1997) Change and Equity in Higher Education. British Journal of Sociology of Education. Vol. 18. No. 2, 229 - 240.
• Morley, L. (1995). Empowerment and the New Right. Youth and Policy, 51(Winter), 1-10.
• Morley, L (1995) Theorising Empowerment in UK Public Services. International Journal of Empowerment in Organizations. Vol. 3 No. 3, 35-41.
• Morley, L. (1995) An Agenda for Gender: Women in the University. European Journal of Women's Studies. (2) 2, 271-275.
• Morley, L. (1994) Glass Ceiling or Iron Cage: Women in UK Academia. Journal of Gender, Work and Organization. Issue 4. 194-204.
• Morley, L. (1992) Women's Studies, Difference and Internalised Oppression. Women's Studies International Forum. Vol. 15, No 4, July, 517-525.
• Morley, L. (1991) Towards a Pedagogy for Empowerment in Community and Youth Work Training. Youth and Policy. No. 35, December 1991, 14-19.

Chapters in books

• Morley, L. (2009). Momentum and Melancholia: Women in Higher Education Internationally. International Handbook of the Sociology of Education: Critical Research for Social Justice. M. Apple, Ball, S.J., and Gandin, L. A. London, Routledge.
• Morley, L. (2008). The Micropolitics of Professionalism: Power and Collective Identities in Higher Education. Exploring Professionalism. B. Cunningham. London, Bedford Way Publications.
• Morley, L. (2007). Subjected to Review: Engendering Quality and Power in Higher Education. Education, Globalisation and New Times 21 Years of the Journal of Education Policy. S. J. Ball, Goodson, I., Maguire, M. London, Routledge.
• Morley, L. (2007). Beyond Europe: Women in Commonwealth Higher Education. Gendered Career Trajectories in Academia in Cross-National Perspective. R. Siemienska, and Zimmer, A., (eds). Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar: 190-201.
• Morley, L. (2007) Theorising Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education, In Justyna Sempruch, Katharina Willems and Laura Shook(eds), Multiple Marginalities: An Intercultural Dialogue On Gender in Education Across Europe and Africa Hamburg: Helmer Editorial
• Morley, L. (2007) Gender and UK Higher Education: Postfeminism in Market Economy. In, Sagaria, M. (ed) Women and University Change: Gender Equality in the European Union and the United States. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
• Morley, L. (2006). Sounds and Silences: Gendered Change in Higher Education Institutions in the Commonwealth. In, W. Allen, Bonous- Hammarth, M.,and Teranishi, R. (eds) International Perspectives on Diversity in Higher Education: Challenges and Prospects. Oxford, England, Elsevier Publishers.
• Morley, L. (2006) The Gendered Implications of Quality Assurance and Audit In, Cotterill, P., Jackson, S., Letherby, G. (eds), Challenges and Negotiations for Women in Higher Education. London: Kluwer.
• Morley, L. (2004) Gender Equity in Commonwealth Higher Education; emerging themes. In, Learning by Comparison: International Experiences in Education and Training. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills Publications (Research Report CR2003).
• Morley, L. (2003). Reconstructing Students as Consumers: New Settlements of Power or the Politics of Assimilation? In D. Watson, and Slowey, M. (Eds) Higher Education and the Lifecourse. Buckingham, Open University Press.
• Morley, L., Unterhalter, E., and Gold, A. (2003). Enterprise culture, equity and gendered change in Commonwealth higher education. In, G. Williams (Ed) The Enterprising University: Reform, Excellence and Equity. Buckingham, Open University Press/ SRHE.
• Morley, L. (2002). A Comedy of Manners: Quality and Power in Higher Education. In Trowler, P., (Ed.). Higher Education Policy and Institutional Change. Buckingham: Open University Press/SRHE.
• Morley, L. (2002). Lifelong Yearning: Feminist Pedagogy in the Learning Society. In G. Howie and Tauchert, A., (Eds.), Gender, Teaching, and Research in Higher Education London: Ashgate Press.
• Morley, L. (2001). Mass Higher Education: Feminist Pedagogy in the Learning Society. In P. Anderson and Williams, J., (Eds.), Identity and Difference in Higher Education: Outsiders Within London: Ashgate.
• Morley, L. (2001). Recent Research on Women in the Academy. New Research on Women, Science and Higher Education. In Bebbington, D. (Ed) London, Athena Project.
• Morley, L. (2000). Interrogating Patriarchy: The Challenges of Feminist Research. In S. J. Ball (Ed.), The Sociology of Education: Major Themes (pp. 236-257). London: Routledge.
• Morley, L. (2000). Quality and Equality: Intersections and Collisions. In A. Hodgson (Ed.), Policies, Politics and the Future of Lifelong Learning London: Kogan Page.
• Morley, L. (2000). Regulating the Masses: Quality and Equality in Higher Education. In K. Gokulsing and C. DaCosta (Eds.), A Compact for Higher Education London: Ashgate.
• Morley, L. (1999). 'Freedom to Manage': Leadership, Excellence and the New Professionalism. In J. Graham (Ed.), Teacher Professionalism and the Challenge of Change London: Trentham Books.
• Morley, L. (1999). Techno de cristal o jaula de hierro. Las mujeres en el medio academico del Reino Unido. In M. Belausteguigoitia and Mingo, A. (Eds.), Generos Profugos: Feminismo y Educacion (pp. 349-368). Mexico: Paidos.
• Morley, L. (1998). Equity, Empowerment and School Effectiveness. In V. Prakesh (Ed.), Teacher Empowerment and School Effectiveness at Primary Stage (pp. 403-416). New Delhi, India: National Council of Educational Research and Training.
• Morley, L. (1997) A Class of One's Own: Women, Social Class and the Academy. In P. Mahony and C. Zmroczek (Eds.) Class Matters (pp. 109-122). London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. (1996). Interrogating Patriarchy: The Challenges of Feminist Research. In L. Morley and V. Walsh (Eds.), Breaking Boundaries: Women in Higher Education London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. (1996). Women's Studies, Feminism and Organisational Change in the Academy. In M. Masson and D. Simonton (Eds.), Women and Higher Education: Past, Present and Future (pp. 138-153). Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press.
• Morley, L. (1995) Measuring the Muse: Creativity, Writing and Career Development in Higher Education. In L. Morley and V. Walsh, (Eds.) Feminist Academics: Creative Agents for Change (pp. 116-130). London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. (1995) The Micropolitics of Women's Studies. In M. Maynard and J. Purvis (Eds.) (Hetero)sexual Politics (pp. 171-185) London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. (1994) Women's Studies and Feminist Transformations: Problematising Empowerment in the Academy. In M. Evans, J. Gosling and A. Seller (Eds.) Agenda for Gender in Higher Education. (pp. 36-44). Canterbury: University of Kent Press.
• Morley, L. (1993) Women's Studies as Empowerment of Non-traditional Learners in Community and Youth Work Training: A Case Study. In M. Kennedy, C. Lubelska, and V. Walsh, (Eds.) Making Connections. ( pp. 118-129). London: Taylor and Francis.
• Morley, L. (1992) Women's Studies and Non-traditional Learners in Higher Education. Feminising the Academy. Brussels: GRACE.

Guest Editorships

• Morley, L., and David, M. (2009) Special Issue of Higher Education Policy on Gender, Power and Participation
• Morley, L. (2006) Special edition of Women's Studies International Forum on Including Women: Gender in Commonwealth Higher Education.
• Morley, L. (2005) Special edition of the International Journal of Educational Research on doctoral assessment

• Morley, L., Unterhalter, E., and Gold, A, (2003) Gender Equity in Commonwealth Universities, McGill Journal of Education Volume 8. No. 3.
• Husu, L., and Morley, L. (Ed.). (2000). Higher Education in Europe-special edition on Academe and Gender: What has and What has Not Changed? Volume XXV No. 2. Bucharest: UNESCO.

Professional Journals/ Newspapers

• Morley, L., Burke, P., and Carpentier, V. (2004). We Need Degree Change, Not Change in Degrees. Times Higher Education Supplement. London: June 4,14.
• Pelletier, C., Leonard, D., and Morley, L. (2003). "Researching the Experiences of International Students in the UK." World Views: The magazine for UKCOSA members Autumn(13): 4-6.
• Morley, L. (2002). Employability: A Neutral Concept? Learning Matters. Newsletter No 8: 5-6.
• Morley, L. (2000) Letter in the Education Guardian 24th October p. 52 Morley, L. (1998) Labour in the Academy. AUT Woman, 45(autumn), 2-3.
• Morley, L. (1993) Women in UK Academia. The Journal of Women in Organisations and Management. Spring 1993, Issue 7, 11-12.
• Morley, L. (1993) Empowering Women Managers in the Public Sector. Women in Management Review. Volume 8, No. 7, 26-30.